From: BULLELKMAN@aol.com Sent: Tuesday, July 01, 2003 2:06 AM To: fdadockets@oc.fda.gov Subject: Docket No. 2003N-0169 - Dental Mercury Amalgam Information Dear FDA, Below you will find additional scientific studies for the new panel to review. It is vital that the new panel realize how important this issue of mercury dental fillings is to the health and well being of millions and millions of Americans. Thank you for finally doing your job and start working to protect Americans from these toxic mercury dental fillings. Thank you, Mary Ann Newell Vancouver, WA Antibiotic resistance in oral/respiratory bacteria. Roberts (1998). Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 9:522-540. The dental amalgam mercury controversy-inorganic mercury and the CNS; genetic linkage of mercury and antibiotic resistances in intestinal bacteria. Lorscheider et al., (1995). Toxicology 97:19-22. Mercury released from dental "silver" fillings provokes an increase in mercury- and antibiotic -resistant bacteria in oral and intestinal floras of primates. Summers et. al., (1993). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37:825-834. Resistance of the normal human microflora to mercury and antimicrobials after exposure to mercury from dental amalgam fillings. Edlund et. al., (1996). Clin. Infect. Dis. 22:944-950. The impact of mercury released from dental "silver" fillings on antibiotic resistances in the primate oral and intestinal bacterial flora. Liebert et. al., (1997). Met. Ions Biol. Syst. 34:441-460. . The resistance and adaptation of selected oral bacteria to mercury and its impact on their growth. Lyttle and Bowden (1993). J. Dent. Res. 72:1325-1330. . Effects of mercury on the immune system. Pollard and Hultman. (1997). Met. Ions Biol. Sys. 34:421-440. Dental amalgam and antibiotic resistance-an association? Editorial (1997). Sci. Prog. 80:103-106. Antibiotic resistance mechanisms in bacteria of oral and upper respiratory origin. Roberts (1998). Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 9:255-267. Effects of occupational exposure to mercury vapors on T-cell and NK-cell populations. Moszczynski et al., (1996). Arch. Med. Res. 27:503-507. . Cloning of mercury-resistance gene from R-plasmid in Escherichia coli isolated from dental hospital sewage. Arii and Abiko (1989). Gen. Pharmacol. 20:609-614. Heavy metal resistance in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Vasishta et. al., (1989). Folia Microbiol. (Praha.) 34:448-452. Loss of mercury from amalgam fillings and abnormal oral bacterial flora as a cause of periodontal disease. Till (1978). ZWR 87:1076-1083. Study of the horizontal transfer of mercury resistance genes in natural populations of bacteria using antibodies to mercury reductases. Bogdanova et. al., (1988). Mol. Gen. Mikrobiol. Virusol. 12:16-23. Does amalgam affect the immune system? A controversial issue. Enestrom and Hultman (1995). Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 106:180-203. Effects of mercury on the immune system. Pollard and Hultman (1997). Met. Ions Biol. Syst. 34:421-440. Activation of the immune system and systemic immune-complex deposits in Brown Norway rats with dental amalgam restorations. Hultman et. al., (1998). J. Dent. Res. 77:1415-1425. Adverse immunological effects and autoimmunity induced by dental amalgam and alloy in mice. Hultman et al., (1994). FASEB J. 8:1183-1190. Localized cellular inflammatory responses to subcutaneously implanted dental mercury. Nadarajah et. al., (1996). J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 49:113-125. Cellular inflammatory responses to implanted dental materials. Nadarajah et. al., (1996). J. Prosthet. Dent. 75:552-561. In vitro effects of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) on human mononuclear cells. Loftenius et. al., (1997). Clin. Exp. Immunol. 110:418-422. Cytotoxicity and accumulation of Hg, Ag, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in human peripheral T and B lyphocytes and monocytes in vitro. Steffenson et. al., (1994). Gen. Pharmacol. 25:1621-1633. Immunotoxic effects of mercuric compounds on human lymphocytes and monocytes. I. Suppression of T-cell activation. Shenker et. al., (1992). Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 14:539-553. Immunotoxic effects of mercuric compounds on human lymphocytes and monocytes. II. Alterations in cell viability. Shenker et. al., (1992). Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 14:555-577. Immunotoxic effects of mercuric compounds on human lymphocytes and monocytes. III. Alterations in B-cell function. Shenker et. al., (1993). Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 15:87-112. Immunotoxic effects of mercuric compounds on human lymphocytes and monocytes. IV. Alterations in cellular glutathione content. Shenker et. al., (1993). Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 15:273-290. . Immunotoxicology of cadmium and mercury on B-lymphocytes I. Effects on lymphocyte function. Daum et al., (1993). Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 15:383-394. In vitro effects of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) on human mononuclear cells. Loftenius et. al., (1997). Clin. Exp. Immunol. 110:418-422. Effects of mercury on human polymorphonuclear leukocyte function in vitro. Contrino et. al., (1988). Am. J. Pathol. 132:110-118. Low levles of mercury inhibit the respiratory burst in human polymorphnuclear leukocytes. Malamud et. al., (1985). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 128:1145-1151. Parameters of immunity acute phase reaction in men in relation to exposure duration to mercury vapours. Moszczynski et. al., (1991). J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol. 35:351-360. The level of mercury in human dental plaque and interactions in vitro between biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and dental amalgam. Little and Bowden (1993). J. Dent. Res. 72:1320-1324 Acute exposure to mercury from amalgam: no short-time effect on the peripheral blood lymphocytes in healthy individuals. Loftenius et al., (1998). J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 54:547-560.) Methylation of mercury from dental amalgam and mercuric chloride by oral streptococci in vitro. Heintze et. al., (1983). Scand. J. Dent. Res. 91:150-152 Mercury sensitization induced by environmental exposure. Mori et al., (1998). Nippon Eisenigaku Zasshi 52:661-666 An epidemiological study of factors relating to mercury sensitization. Sato et al., (1995). Arerugi 44:86-92.