From: BULLELKMAN@aol.com Sent: Tuesday, July 01, 2003 1:57 AM To: fdadockets@oc.fda.gov Subject: Docket No. 2003N-0169 - Dental Mercury Amalgam Information Dear FDA, Below you will find additional scientific studies for the new panel to review. It is vital that the new panel realize how important this issue of mercury dental fillings is to the health and well being of millions and millions of Americans. Thank you for finally doing your job and start working to protect Americans from these toxic mercury dental fillings. Thank you, Mary Ann Newell Vancouver, WA Influence of amalgam fillings on Hg levels and total antioxidant activity in plasma of healthy donors. Pizzichini M, Fonzi M, Gasparoni A, Mencarelli M, Rocchi G, Kaitsas V, Fonzi L. Bull Group Int Rech Sci Stomatol Odontol 2001 May-Sep;43(2):62-7. Mercury and selenium concentrations in maternal and neonatal scalp hair: relationship to amalgam-based dental treatment received during pregnancy. Razagui IB, Haswell SJ. Biol Trace Elem Res (2001) Jul;81(1):1-19. Mobilization of mercury and arsenic in humans by sodium 2,3-dimercapto-1-propane sulfonate (DMPS). Aposhian (1998). Environ. Health Perspect. 106:1017-1025. Mercury in biological fluids after amalgam removal. Sandborgh-Englund et al., (1998). J. Dent. Res. 77:615-624. The absorption, blood levels, and excretion of mercury after a single dose of mercury vapor in humans. Sandborgh-Englund et al., (1998). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 150:146-153 Toxicological aspects on the release and systemic uptake of mercury from dental amalgam. Ekstrand et. al., (1998). Eur. J. Oral Sci. 106:678-686 The influence of amalgam fillings on urinary mercury excretion in subjects from Apulia. Soleo et. al., (1998). G. Ital. Med. Lav. Ergon. 20:75-81. Systemic transfer of mercury from amalgam fillings before and after cessation of emission. Halbach et. al., (1998). Environ. Res. 77:115-123. Mercury as a potential hazard for the dental practitioner. Kostyniak (1998). N.Y. State Dent. J. 64:40-43. Methylmercury and inorganic mercury in serum-correlation to fish consumption and dental amalgam in a cohort of women born in 1922. Bergdahl et. al., (1998). Environ. Res. 77:20-24. Mercury and dental amalgam fillings. Lygre et. al., (1998). Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen 118:1698-1701. The absorption, blood levels, and excretion of mercury after a single dose of mercury vapor in humans. Sandborgh-Englund et. al., (1998). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 150:146-153. Mercury in saliva and feces after removal of amalgam fillings. Bjorkman et al., (1997). Toxicol. Appl. Pharamcol. 144:156-162. . Effect of Pd and In on mercury evaporation from amalgams. Okabe et. al., (1997). Dent. Mater. J. 16:191-199. . Mercury exposure from dental amalgam fillings: absorbed dose and the potential for adverse health effects. Mackert and Berglund (1997). Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 8:410-436. The future of dental amalgam: a review of the literature. Part 2: Mercury exposure in dental practice. Eley (1997). Br. Dent. J. 182:293-297. The future of dental amalgam: a review of the literature. Part 3: Mercury exposure from amalgam restorations in dental patients. Eley (1997). Br. Dent. J. 182:333-338. Effect of Pd and In on mercury evaporation from amalgams. Okabe et. al., (1997). Dent. Mater. J. 16:191-199. Patterns of mercury release from amalgam fillings into the oral cavity. Motorkina et. al., (1997). Stomatologiia (Mosk.) 76:9-11. Compartmental transfer of mercury released from amalgam. Halbach et al., (1997). Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 16:667-672. Impact of nocturnal bruxism on mercury uptake from dental amalgams. Isacsson et. al., (1997). Eur. J. Oral. Sci. 105:251-257. Dissolution of mercury from dental amalgam at different pH values. Marek (1997). J. Dent. Res. 76:1308-1315. Intial mercury evaporation from amalgams made with In-containing commercial alloys. Nakajima et. al., (1996). Dent. Mater. J. 15:168-174. Influence of chewing gum consumption and dental contact of amalgam fillings to different metal restorations on urine mercury content. Gebel and Dunkelberg (1996). Zentralbl. Hyg. Umweltmed. 199:69-75. Long-term use of nicotine chewing gum and mercury exposure from dental amalgam fillings. Sallsten et. al., (1996). J. Dent. Res. 75:594-598. Mercury exposure from "silver" tooth fillings: emerging evidence questions a traditional paradigm. Lorscheider et al., (1995). FASEB J. 9:504-508. Mercury levels among dental personnel in Isreal: a preliminary study. Steinberg et al., (1995). Isr. J. Med. Sci. 31:428-432. People with high mercury uptake from their own dental amalgam fillings. Barregard et al., (1995). Occup. Environ. Med. 52:124-128. Sodium 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate challenge test for mercury in humans: II. Urinary mercury, porphyrins and neurobehavioral changes of dental workers in Monterrey, Mexico. Gonzalez-Ramirez et. al., (1995). J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 272:264-274. Silver concentrations in human tissues. Their dependence on dental amalgam and other factors. Drasch et. al., (1995). J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 9:82-87. An estimation of the uptake of mercury from amalgam fillings based on urinary excretion of mercury in Swedish subjects. Weiner and Nylander (1995). Sci. Total Environ. 168:255-265. Mercury vaporization from amalgams with varied alloy compositions. Ferrancane et. al., (1995). J. Dent. Res. 74:1414-1417. Combined estimation of mercury species released from amalgam. Halbach (1995). J. Dent. Res. 74:1103-1109. Estimation of mercury dose by a novel quantitation of elemental and inorganic species released from amalgam. Halbach (1995). Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 67:295-300. Human exposure to mercury and silver released from dental amalgam restorations. Skare and Engqvist (1994). Arch. Environ. Health 49:384-394. Mercury concentrations in the urine of children with and without amalgam fillings. Schulte et al., (1994). Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 104:1336-1340. Mercury burden of human fetal and infant tissues. G. Drasch , I. Schupp , H. Höfl , R. Reinke , G. Roider. European Journal of Pediatrics. Volume 153 Issue 8 (1994) pp 607-610. Amalgam tooth fillings and man's mercury burden. Halbach (1994). Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 13:496-501. Long-term mercury excretion in urine after removal of amalgam fillings. Begerow et. al., (1994). Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 66:209-212. Evaluation of the safety issue of mercury release from dental fillings. Lorscheider and Vimy. (1993). FASEB J. 7:1432-1433. The relationship between mercury concentration in human organs and different predictor variables. Weiner and Nylander (1993). Sci. Total Environ. 138:101-115. An in vitro and in vivo study of the release of mercury vapor from different types of amalgam alloys. Berglund (1993). J. Dent. Res. 72:939-946. Mercury release from amalgam into saliva. An in-vitro study. Lussi (1993). Schweiz. Monatsschr. Zahnmed. 103:722-726. Urinary mercury after administration of 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonic acid: correlation with dental amalgam score. Aposhian et al., (1992). FASEB J. 6:2472-2476. Mercury concentration in the mouth mucosa of patients with amalgam fillings. Willershausen-Zonnchen et. al., (1992). Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 117:1743-1747. Side-effects: mercury contribution to body burden from dental amalgam. Reinhardt (1992). Adv. Dental Res. 6:110-113. Dental amalgam: the materials. Marshall and Marshall (1992). Adv. Dent. Res. 6:94-99. Quantitation of total mercury vapor released during dental procedures. Engle et. al., (1992). Dent. Mater. 8:176-180. Daily dose calculations from measurements of intra-oral mercury vapor. Olsson and Bergman (1992). J. Dent. Res. 71:414-423. Mercury exposure of the population. IV. Mercury exposure of male dentists, female dentists and dental aides. Zander et. al., (1992). Zentralbl. Hyg. Umweltmed. 193:318-328. The mercury exposure of the population. III. Mercury mobilisation by DMPS (Dimaval) in subjects with and without amalgam fillings. Zander et. al., (1992). Zentralbl. Hyg. Umweltmed. 192:447-454. Release of mercury vapor from dental amalgam. Berglund (1992). Swed. Dent. J. Suppl. 85:1-52. Factors influencing mercury evaporation rate from dental amalgam fillings. Bjorkman and Lind (1992). Scand. J. Dent. Res. 100:354-360. Amalgam fillings-a considerable source of exposure to heavy metals. Skare and Engqvist (1992). Lakartidningen 89:1299-1301. Daily dose estimates of mercury from dental amalgams. Lorscheider and Vimy. (1991). J. Dent. Res. 70:233-237. The dental amalgam issue. A review. Hanson and Pleva (1991). Experientia 47:9-22 Toxicological assessment of amalgam components released in immersion tests. Weiland and Nossek (1991). Dtsch. Zahnarztl. Z. 46:547-550 Significance of hydrogen ion concentration on the dissolution of mercury from dental amalgam. Soh et. al., (1991). Quintesence Int. 22:225-228. Thermal effect on dissolution of mercury from two dental amalgams. Soh et. al., (1991). J. Oral Rehabil. 18:179-183. Long-term dissolution of mercury from a non-mercury-releasing amalgam. Chew et. al., (1991). Clin. Prev. Dent. 13:5-7. The mercury release of different amalgams in vitro. Lussi and Schoenberg (1991). Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 101:1405-1408. Whole-body imaging of the distribution of mercury released from dental fillings into monkey tissues. Hahn et al., (1990). FASEB J. 4:3256-3260. Estimation by a 24-hour study of the daily dose of intra-oral mercury vapor inhaled after release from dental amalgam. Berglund (1990). J. Dent. Res. 69:1646-1651. Exposure to mercury in the population. I. Mercury concentrations in the urine of normal subjects.. Zander et. al., (1990). Zentralbl. Hyg. Umweltmed. 190:315-324. Exposure to mercury in the population. II. Mercury release from amalgam fillings. Zander et. al., (1990). Zentralbl. Hyg. Umweltmed. 190:325-334. Maternal-fetal distribution of mercury (203Hg) released from dental amalgam fillings. Vimy et. al., (1990). Am. J. Physiol. 258:R939-R945. Mercury release of silver amalgams in vitro. Hellwig et. al., (1990). Dtsch. Zahnarztl. Z. 45:17-19. Mercury release from amalgam: a study in vitro and in vivo. Ahmed and Stannard (1990). Oper. Dent. 15:207-218. Mercury as a pollutant in the dental profession. I. Its biological cycle, toxicity and monitoring. Valerio et. al., (1990). Minerva Stomatol. 39:625-628. Mercury exposure of different origins among dentists and dental nurses. Skare et al., (1990). Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 16:340-347. Mercury, selenium, and glutathione peroxidase before and after amalgam removal in man. Molin et al., (1990). Acta Odontol. Scand. 48:189-202. The influence of dental amalgam placement on mercury, selenium, and glutathione peroxidase in man. Molin et al., (1990). Acta Odontol. Scand. 48:287-295. Dental "silver" tooth fillings: a source of mercury exposure revealed by whole-body image scan and tissue analysis. Hahn et al., (1989). FASEB J. 3:2641-2646. Mercury vapor from dental amalgams, an intro study. Derand (1989). Swed. Dent. J. 13:169-175. Dental "silver" tooth fillings: a source of mercury exposure revealed by whole-body image scan and tissue analysis. Hahn et. al., (1989). FASEB J. 3:2641-2646 Dental amalgam: a review of the literature. Eggleston (1989). Compendium 10:500-505. Comparison of release of mercury from three dental amalgams. Chew et. al., (1989). Dent. Mater. 5:244-246. Dental amalgam and mercury. Aronsson et. al., (1989). Biol. Met. 2:25-30. Effect of admixed indium on mercury vapor release from dental amalgam. Powell et. al., (1989). J. Dent. Res. 68:1231-1233. Dissolution of metallic mercury in artificial saliva and eleven other solutions. Takahashi et. al., (1989). Dent. Mater. 5:256-259. Dental amalgam and mercury. Aronsson et al., (1989). Biol. Met. 2:25-30. Prospective study on the mercury uptake of dental students. Part 1: Increase in mercury excretion during simulated training. Pieper et. al., (1989). Dtsch. Zahnarztl. Z. 44:714-716. Determination of the rate of release of intra-oral mercury vapor from amalgam. Berglund et. al., (1988). J. Dent. Res. 67:1235-1242. Mercury concentrations in the human brain and kidneys in relation to exposure from dental amalgam fillings. Nylander et. al., (1987). Swed. Dent. J. 11:179-187. Examination of blood levels of mercurials in practicing dentists using cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. Chang et. al., (1987). J. Anal. Toxicol. 11:149-153. Potential health hazard of use of mercury in dentistry: critical review of the literaure. Enwonw (1987) Environ. Res. (1987). 42:257-274. Metal release from dental biomaterials. Brune (1986). Biomaterials 7:163-175. Estimation of mercury body burden from dental amalgam: computer stimulation of a metabolic compartment model. Vimy et. al., (1986). J. Dent. Res. 65:1415-1419. Intra-oral air mercury released from dental amalgam. Vimy and Lorscheider (1985). J. Dent. Res. 64:1069-1071. Serial measurements of intra-oral air mercury: estimation of daily dose from dental amalgam. Vimy and Lorscheider (1985). J. Dent. Res. 64:1072-1075. A model for recording mercury relaease from an amalgam surface. Brune (1985). Biomaterials 6:357-359. Man's mercury loading from a dental amalgam. Brune and Evje (1985). Sci. Total Environ. 44:51-63. Initial corrosion of amalgams in vitro. Brune an Evje (1984). Scand. J. Dent. Res. 92:165-171. Mercury toxicity and dental amalgam. Wolff et. al., (1983). Neurotoxicology 4:201-204. Corrosion of amalgams. Brune (1981). Scand. J. Dent. Res. 89:506-514. Release of mercury from amalgam fillings into salival. Mayer and Diehl (1976). Dtsch. Zahnarztl. Z. 31:855-859