Food

Chapter IV: Growth/Survival Tables

Analysis and Evaluation of Preventive Control Measures for the Control and Reduction/Elimination of Microbial Hazards on Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce

Chapter IV

Incidence Tables | Outbreaks Tables | Growth/Survival Tables

Outbreaks Associated with Fresh Produce: Incidence, Growth, and Survival of Pathogens in Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce

Table G/S-1: Survival and Growth of Pathogenic Bacteria on Raw Melons

Pathogen	Melon Type	pH	Mode of Inoculation	Storage Conditions	Temperature (°C)	Initial Counts (log₁₀ CFU)	Incubation Time	Final Counts (log₁₀ CFU)	Unit	Comments	Reference
Campylobacter jejuni	Watermelon, cubes	3.0	Spot inoculation, cells suspended in saline. 0.02 ml inoculated per cube.	24 cm²cubes with 0.05 ml of lemon juice added per cube. Stored in covered sterile stainless-steel trays.	25-29	2.9	6 h	2	CFU/cube	pH 4.8 after 6 h.	Castillo and Escartin 1994
C. jejuni	Watermelon, cubes	5.5	Spot inoculation, cells suspended in saline. 0.02 ml inoculated per cube.	24 cm²cubes without lemon juice. Stored in covered sterile stainless-steel trays.	25-29	2.7	6 h	2.1	CFU/cube	pH 5.5 after 6 h.	Castillo and Escartin 1994
C. jejuni	Watermelon, cubes	5.5	Spot inoculation, cells suspended in saline. 0.02 ml inoculated per cube.	24 cm²cubes without lemon juice. Stored in sterile stainless-steel trays with cover.	25-29	2.4	6 h	1.6	CFU/cube	pH 5.5 after 6 h.	Castillo and Escartin 1994
Escherichia coli O157:H7 (4 strains)	Cantaloupe, rind surface	NR^a	Spot inoculation, cells diluted in 0.1% peptone.	Melons were held in covered plastic boxes with 93 + 5% relative humidity.	25 5	~5.2 ~5.2	21 d 8 d	~7.1 <1.0	CFU/cm²CFU/cm²	-	Del Rosario and Beuchat 1995
E. coli O157:H7 (4 strains)	Cantaloupe, cubes	7.01	Cell suspension diluted in 0.1% peptone and added to sample.	Cubes placed in sealed stomacher bags and incubated.	25 5	3.0 ~3.1	34 h 34 h	~7.0 ~3.1	CFU/g CFU/g	-	Del Rosario and Beuchat 1995
E. coli O157:H7 (4 strains)	Watermelon, cubes	5.56	Cell suspension diluted in 0.1% peptone and added to sample.	Cubes placed in sealed stomacher bags and incubated.	25 5	3.0 3.0	34 h 34 h	~8.7 ~3.0	CFU/g CFU/g	-	Del Rosario and Beuchat 1995
E. coli O157:H7 (4 strains)	Watermelon, rind surface	-	Spot inoculation, cells diluted in 0.1% peptone.	Melons were held in covered plastic boxes with 93 + 5% relative humidity.	25 5	~5.2 ~5.2	14 d 14 d	~6.4 <1.0	CFU/cm²CFU/cm²	-	Del Rosario and Beuchat 1995
Salmonella (5 serotypes)	Cantaloupe, cubes	6.67	Cell suspension diluted in Butterfield's phosphate buffer, added to sample.	Cubes placed in open stomacher bags and incubated aerobically.	23 5	2.0 2.0	24 h 24 h	~7.2 ~1.6	CFU/g CFU/g	-	Golden and others 1993
Salmonella (5 serotypes)	Honeydew, cubes	5.95	Cell suspension diluted in Butterfield's phosphate buffer, added to sample.	Cubes placed in open stomacher bags and incubated aerobically.	23 5	2.0 2.0	24 h 24 h	~8.0 ~1.8	CFU/g CFU/g	-	Golden and others 1993
Salmonella (5 serotypes)	Watermelon, cubes	5.90	Cell suspension diluted in Butterfield's phosphate buffer, added to sample.	Cubes placed in open stomacher bags and incubated aerobically.	23 5	2.0 2.0	24 h 24 h	8.6 ~1.9	CFU/g CFU/g	-	Golden and others 1993
Shigella flexneri	Watermelon, cubes	NR	Spot inoculation, cells suspended in saline. 1 drop (Pasteur pipette) inoculated per cube.	12 cm² cubes, inoculated and stored in sterile covered glass trays.	22-26	2.8	6 h	4.5	CFU/cm²	-	Fernandez Escartin and others 1989
S. sonnei	Watermelon, whole	NR	30 ml of inoculum was injected into the whole watermelon through the stem scar.	30 ml of inoculum was injected and incubated.	30 22	2.0 2.0	2 d 4 d	~9.0 ~9.0	CFU/g CFU/g	Inoculated with > 10²CFU/g. Melon rotten within 1-2 days at 30°C and 2-3 days at 22°C.	Fredlund and others 1987
^a Not reported

Table G/S-2: Survival and Growth of Pathogenic Bacteria on Raw Fruit Other than Melons

Pathogen	Fruit Type	pH	Mode of Inoculation	Storage Conditions	Temperature (°C)	Initial Counts (log₁₀ CFU)	Incubation Time	Final Counts (log₁₀ CFU)	Unit	Comments	Reference
Campylobacter jejuni	Papaya, cubes	3.0	Spot inoculation, cells suspended in saline. 0.02 ml inoculated per cube.	24 cm²cubes with 0.05 ml of lemon juice added. Stored in sterile stainless-steel trays with cover.	25-29	3.3	6 h	<1.0	CFU/cube	pH 3.6 after 6 h.	Castillo and Escartin 1994
C. jejuni	Papaya, cubes	5.0	Spot inoculation, cells suspended in saline. 0.02 ml inoculated per cube.	24 cm²cubes without lemon juice. Stored in sterile stainless-steel trays with cover.	25-29	2.8	6 h	1.7	CFU/cube	pH 5.0 after 6 h.	Castillo and Escartin 1994
Escherichia coli O157:H7	Apple (Golden delicious, fresh cut tissue)	NR^a	Spot inoculation, 25 µl inoculated per wound. Inoculum suspended in 0.85% saline.	Apples were wounded (one wound per fruit) aseptically by removing a cyclinder of tissue 3 mm in diameter by 3 mm deep. Stored in plastic boxes on fruit pack trays.	24	2.0 4.0 6.0	48 h 48 h 48 h	~5.5 ~6.0 ~6.5	CFU per wound	-	Janisiewicz and others 1999
E. coli O157:H7 (2 strains)	Apples (Red delicious, ground)	4.10	Cell suspension in tryptone soy broth, inoculated into sample.	Ground apples were stored in a plastic stomacher bag.	4 10 25	~7.5	18 d 12 d 5 d	~6.8 ~5.8 ~8.5	CFU/ml CFU/ml CFU/ml	Final pH 5.11. At 25oC no growth within 24 h.	Fisher and Golden 1998
E. coli O157:H7 (2 strains)	Apple (Golden delicious, ground)	3.84	Cell suspension in tryptone soy broth, inoculated into sample.	Ground apples were stored in a plastic stomacher bag.	4 10 25	~7.5	18 d 12 d 5 d	~7.2 ~6.8 ~8.2	CFU/ml CFU/ml CFU/ml	Final pH 4.95. At 25oC no growth within 24 h.	Fisher and Golden 1998
E. coli O157:H7 (2 strains)	Apples (Rome, ground)	3.70	Cell suspension in tryptone soy broth, inoculated into sample.	Ground apples were stored in a plastic stomacher bag.	4 10 25	~7.5	18 d 12 d 5 d	~6.8 ~7.0 ~7.5	CFU/ml CFU/ml CFU/ml	Final pH 3.91. At 25oC no growth within 24 h. Slight growth at 48 h followed by decline.	Fisher and Golden 1998
E. coli O157:H7 (2 strains)	Apples (Winesap, ground)	3.47	Cell suspension in tryptone soy broth, inoculated into sample.	Ground apples were stored in a plastic stomacher bag.	4 10 25	~7.5	18 d 12 d 5 d	~7.0 ~7.0 ~7.0	CFU/ml CFU/ml CFU/ml	Final pH 4.03.	Fisher and Golden 1998
E. coli O157:H7	Apple (5 cultivars, whole)	3.5-4.9	Infected with 0.1 ml of saline suspension of cells, then wholes were sealed with tape.	Stored in plastic tub at room temperature.	20-25	5.0-5.2	2 d	4.8 - 8.3	CFU/apple	Survival and growth depended on cultivars and days post harvest. dropped fruit did not differ from tree-picked fruit in promoting growth.	Dingman 2000
E. coli O157:H7 (2 strains)	Orange (Hamlin, peeled)	6.0-6.5	Spot inoculation, 20 µl inoculated and spread over 1/8 of total suface area. Inoculum suspended in Butterfield's phosphate buffer.	Inoculated fruit were individually packed in perforated plastic containers.	4 8 24	3.5	14 d 14 d 1 d	~3.2 ~2.5 ~7.5	CFU/g CFU/g CFU/g	pH of surface 6.0-6.5. Juice pH 3.8.	Pao and others 1998
Listeria monocytogenes (2 strains)	Orange, (Hamlin, peeled)	6.0-6.5	Spot inoculation, 20 µl inoculated and spread over 1/8 of total suface area. Inoculum suspended in Butterfield's phosphate buffer.	Inoculated fruit were individually packed in perforated plastic containers.	4 8 24	3.9	14 d 14 d 1 d	~4.0 ~3.3 ~5.5	CFU/g CFU/g CFU/g	-	Pao and others 1998
Staphylococcus aureus (2 strains)	Orange, (Hamlin, peeled)	6.0-6.5	Spot inoculation, 20 µl inoculated and spread over 1/8 of total suface area. Inoculum suspended in Butterfield's phosphate buffer.	Inoculated fruit were individually packed in perforated plastic containers.	4 8 24	~2.8	14 d 14 d 1 d	~2.0 ~2.0 ~3.5	CFU/g CFU/g CFU/g	-	Pao and others 1998
Salmonella Chester	Apple (Golden delicious, disks)	4.1	Dip inoculation, 30 s. Cells suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2).	NR	8	~ 5.5	66 h	~ 5.3	CFU/disk	Acidity did not markedly affect viability	Liao and Sapers 2000
S. Chester	Apple (Golden delicious, disks)	4.1	Dip inoculation, 30 s. Cells suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2).	NR	20	~ 5.5	66 h	~ 10.4	CFU/disk	Increased to ca. 10.2 log₁₀ CFU/disk within 18 h	Liao and Sapers 2000
S. Typhi	Papaya, cubes	5.69	Spot inoculation, cells suspended in saline. 1 drop (Pasteur pipette) inoculated per cube.	12 cm² cubes, inoculated, and stored in covered glass trays.	25-27	2.9	6 h	4.3	CFU/cube	-	Fernandez Escartin and others 1989
S. Typhi	Papaya, cubes	3.59	Spot inoculation, cells suspended in saline. 1 drop (Pasteur pipette) inoculated per cube.	12 cm² cubes, 0.05 ml lemon juice added, inoculated, and stored in covered glass trays.	25-27	3.0	6 h	3.8	CFU/cube	-	Fernandez Escartin and others 1989
Salmonella (2 serotypes)	Orange, (Hamlin, peeled)	6.0-6.5	Spot inoculation, 20 µl inoculated and spread over 1/8 of total suface area. Inoculum suspended in Butterfield's phosphate buffer.	Inoculated fruit were individually packed in perforated plastic containers.	4 8 24	4.4	14 d 14 d 1 d	~3.5 ~2.5 ~7.6	CFU/g CFU/g CFU/g	-	Pao and others 1998
Shigella (3 species)	Papaya, cubes	5.69	Spot inoculation, cells suspended in saline. 1 drop (Pasteur pipette) inoculated per cube.	12 cm² cubes, inoculated and stored in covered glass trays.	25-27	2.0-2.4	6 h	3.8-4.2	CFU/cube	S. sonnei, S. flexneri, S. dysenteriae	Fernandez Escartin and others 1989
^a Not reported

Table G/S-3: Survival and Growth of Pathogenic Bacteria on Raw Tomatoes

Pathogen	Produce Type	pH	Method of Inoculation	Storage Conditions	Temperature (°C)	Initial Counts (log₁₀ CFU)	Incubation Time	Final Counts (log₁₀ CFU)	Unit	Comments	Reference
Listeria monocytogenes (2 strains)	Tomato (chopped)	4.1	Cells suspended in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, 10 ml mixed in 1000 g of tomatoes.	Stored in sealed bags with 3% O₂ and 97% N₂or ambient air. Tomatoes either unwashed or washed in 210-280 ppm chlorine prior to chopping.	10	4.5-4.8	10 d	~3.5-4.2	CFU/g	Subjectively judged to be inedible after 10 days due to deterioration.	Beuchat and Brackett 1991
L. monocytogenes (2 strains)	Tomato (chopped)	4.1	Cell suspension in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, 10 ml mixed in 1000 g of tomatoes.	Stored in sealed bags with 3% O₂ and 97% N₂or ambient air. Tomatoes either unwashed or washed in 210-280 ppm chlorine prior to chopping.	21	5	8 d	1.0-3.5	CFU/g	Survival slightly better in chlorine treated samples.	Beuchat and Brackett 1991
L. monocytogenes (2 strains)	Tomato (whole, cherry)	Nra	Dip inoculation, inoculum suspended in 0.1 M phosphate buffer.	Stored in sealed bags with 3% O₂ and 97% N₂or ambient air. Tomatoes either not washed or washed in 210-280 ppm chlorine.	10	3.5-3.7	20 d	3.5-5.0	CFU/g	Significant growth observed only for Scott A inoculated onto chlorine treated tomatoes stored in air. Little difference between strains, tomato treatments, or storage conditions.	Beuchat and Brackett 1991
L. monocytogenes (2 strains)	Tomato (whole, cherry)	NR	Dip inoculation, inoculum suspended in 0.1 M phosphate buffer.	Stored in sealed bags with 3% O₂ and 97% N₂or ambient air. Tomatoes either not washed or washed in 210-280 ppm chlorine.	21	3.4-3.6	2-8 d	4.8-5.5	CFU/g	Significant growth observed only for Scott A inoculated onto chlorine treated tomatoes stored in air. Little difference between strains, tomato treatments, or storage conditions.	Beuchat and Brackett 1991
Salmonella Baildon	Tomato (diced)	4.50-4.52	Cells suspended in deionized water; 30 ml mixed with 2270 g of tomatoes.	Tomatoes (450 g) were sealed in plastic bags. Stored for up to 12 d.	4	0.4	12 d	<1.0	CFU/g	Not detected in 6 enriched 25-g samples analyzed each day (0, 2, 5, 8, 12 d).	Weissinger and others 2000
S. Baildon	Tomato (diced)	4.50-4.52	Cells suspended in deionized water; 30 ml mixed with 2270 g of tomatoes.	Tomatoes (450 g) were sealed in plastic bags. Stored for up to 12 d.	4	3.4	12 d	1.8	CFU/g	Counts were reduced by 0.40, 0.67. and 0.75 log₁₀ CFU/g after 2, 5, and 8 d, respectively.	Weissinger and others 2000
S. Baildon	Tomato (diced)	4.39-4.41	Cell suspended in deionized water; 20 ml mixed with 600 g of tomatoes.	Tomatoes (100 g) were sealed in plastic bags. Stored for up to 72 h.	21	0.79	72 h	8.1	CFU/g	Counts were 5.32 and 7.60 log₁₀ CFU/g after 24 and 48 h, respectively.	Weissinger and others 2000
S. Baildon	Tomato (diced)	4.39-4.41	Cells suspended in deionized water; 20 ml mixed with 600 g of tomatoes.	Tomatoes (100 g) were sealed in plastic bags. Stored for up to 72 h.	30	0.79	72 h	7.94	CFU/g	Counts were 7.30 and 7.90 log₁₀ CFU/g after 24 and 48 h, respectively.	Weissinger and others 2000
S. Montevideo	Tomato (cut slices)	4.31-4.52	Spot inoculation, inoculum suspended in distilled water. 25 µl inoculated onto each slice.	Tomato sliced into quarters.	25	3.4 4.4 7.4	12 h 12 h 12 h	~7.5 ~8.0 ~9.5	CFU/slice	-	Wei and others 1995
S. Montevideo	Tomato (mature green, wounded)	4.33-4.52	Spot inoculation, inoculum suspended in distilled water. 25 µl inoculated onto each wounded area.	Tomatoes were punctured to a depth of 1-mm and 0.6-cm in diameter in eight separate areas.	25	3.0 4.0 7.0	24 h	~4.8 ~5.5 ~7.0	CFU per wounded area	-	Wei and others 1995
S. Montevideo	Tomato (ripe, chopped)	4.1	Cell suspension in 0.05 M potassium phosphate buffer. 1ml inoculated into 50 g sample.	1-cm cubes. Stored in stomacher bags.	5 20 30	4.4	96 h 22 h 22 h	~4.2 ~6.0 ~7.0	CFU/g CFU/g CFU/g	Tomatoes inedible after 22 h at 20 or 30°C and after 96 h at 5°C.	Zhuang and others 1995
S. Montevideo	Tomato (stem scar)	NR	Spot inoculation, inoculum suspended in distilled water. 25 µl inoculated onto stem scar.	-	20 25	8.0 8.0	7 d 7 d	6.5 5.8	CFU/stem scar	-	Wei and others 1995
S. Montevideo	Tomato (stem scar)	NR	Spot inoculation, inoculum suspended in TSB. 25 µl inoculated onto stem scar.	-	20 25	7.2 7.2	7 d 7 d	4.6 6.3	CFU/stem scar	-	Wei and others 1995
S. Montevideo	Tomato (whole, mature green)	NR	Dip inoculation, inoculum suspended in 0.1 M phosphate buffer.	Stored individually in open plastic bags with relative humidity between 45-60%.	10 20 30	~1.4	1-18 d 7 d 2 d	~ 2.2 ~4.0 ~5.0	CFU/cm²	Populations declined at 20 and 30°C after day 7.	Zhuang and others 1995
S. Montevideo	Tomato, skin	NR	Spot inoculation, cells suspended in distilled water. Sterile filter discs submerged in inoculum and placed on tomatoes.	Filter discs were dried at room temperature for 2 h and removed from tomatoes. Tomatoes were stored at 83% (20°C) or 72% (25°C) relative humidity.	20 25	5.8 5.8	5 d 3 d	<1 <1	CFU/area inoculated	-	Wei and others 1995
S. Montevideo	Tomato, skin	NR	Spot inoculation, cells suspended in TSB. Sterile filter discs submerged in inoculum and placed on tomatoes.	Filter discs were dried at room temperature for 2 h and removed from tomatoes. Tomatoes were stored at 83% (20°C) or 72% (25°C) relative humidity.	20 25	5.5 5.5	7 d 7 d	2.6 4.1	CFU/area inoculated	-	Wei and others 1995
Salmonella (3 serotypes)	Tomato (cut, small pieces)	4.0-4.40	Cell suspension in saline, 0.1 ml inoculated into 20 g of sample.	Inoculated samples sealed in polyethylene plastic bags.	22 30	1.1	24 h	6.3-6.9 7.2-8.4	CFU/g CFU/g	Final pH 3.90-4.36. S. Enteriditis, S. Infantis, and S. Typhimurium.	Asplund and Nurmi 1991
^aNot reported

Table G/S-4: Survival and Growth of Pathogenic Bacteria on Raw Vegetables Other than Tomatoes, Sprouts, Lettuce, and Salads

Pathogen	Produce Type	pH	Mode of Inoculation	Storage Conditions	Temperature (°C)	Initial Counts (log₁₀ CFU)	Incubation Time	Final Counts (log₁₀ CFU)	Unit	Comments	Reference
Aeromonas hydrophila (2 strains)	Asparagus	NR^a	Dip inoculation, 1 min. Cells suspended in 0.1M potassium phosphate buffer.	Samples stored in 6% CO_2,79% N_2,and 15% O₂in glass jars.	15 4	4.5 4.5	4 d 14 d	~8.0 ~ 7.5	CFU/g CFU/g	Asparagus first became unacceptable for consumption on day 6 (15°C) or day 21 (4°C).	Berrang and others 1989a
A. hydrophila (2 strains)	Asparagus	NR	Dip inoculation, 1 min. Cells suspended in 0.1M potassium phosphate buffer.	Samples stored in ambient air in glass jars.	15 4	4.5 4.5	4 d 21 d	~8.0 ~ 7.5	CFU/g CFU/g	Asparagus first became unacceptable for consumption on day 4 (15°C) or day 15 (4°C).	Berrang and others 1989a
A. hydrophila (2 strains)	Broccoli	NR	Dip inoculation, 1 min. Cells suspended in 0.1M potassium phosphate buffer.	Samples stored in 10% CO_2,79% N_2,and 11% O₂in glass jars.	15 4	5.1 4.0	4 d 14 d	~8.2 ~6.0	CFU/g CFU/g	Broccoli first became unacceptable for consumption on day 10 (15°C) or day 21 (4°C).	Berrang and others 1989a
A. hydrophila (2 strains)	Broccoli	NR	Dip inoculation, 1 min. Cells suspended in 0.1M potassium phosphate buffer.	Samples stored in ambient air in glass jars.	15 4	5.1 4.0	4 d 14 d	~8.2 ~6.0	CFU/g CFU/g	Broccoli first became unacceptable for consumption on day 6 (15°C) or day 21 (4°C).	Berrang and others 1989a
A. hydrophila (2 strains)	Cauliflower	NR	Dip inoculation, 1 min. Cells suspended in 0.1M potassium phosphate buffer.	Samples stored in ambient airin glass jars.	15 4	4.0 3.5	4 d 14 d	~8.5 ~ 5.9	CFU/g CFU/g	Cauliflower first became unacceptable for consumption on day 6 (15°C) or day 21 (4°C).	Berrang and others 1989a
A. hydrophila (2 strains)	Cauliflower	NR	Dip inoculation, 1 min. Cells suspended in 0.1M potassium phosphate buffer.	Samples stored in 3% CO_2,79% N_2,and 18% O₂in glass jars.	15 4	4.0 3.5	4 d 14 d	~8.5 ~6.0	CFU/g CFU/g	Cauliflower first became unacceptable for consumption on day 8 (15°C) or day 21 (4°C).	Berrang and others 1989a
A. hydrophila (1 strain)	Endive (chicory)	NR	Cell suspension added to samples.	Stored in moderate vacuum packaging containers under moderate vacuum.	6.5	3.2	3-7 d	~7.0	CFU/g	-	Aytac and Gorris1994
A. hydrophila (1 strain)	Endive (chicory)	NR	Cell suspension added to samples.	Stored in moderate vacuum packaging container in ambient air.	6.5	3.2	3 d	6.5	CFU/g	Populations declined to Log 1.0 CFU/g by day 7.	Aytac and Gorris1994
A. hydrophila	Vegetable salads (mixed vegetable)	6.0	Cell suspension, injected through a silicone septum. Cells suspended in brain heart infusion broth.	Samples sealed and stored in polypropylene plastic film.	4 15	3.0 3.0	9 d 24 h	~3.5 ~7.9	CFU/g	Population at 15°C steadily declined from 24 h to 6 d.	Garcia-Gimeno and others 1996
Clostridium botulinum (10 strains)	Broccoli	6.9	Spot inoculation, spores prepared in broth, heat shocked, and diluted in distilled water.	Samples loosely packaged and stored in sealed polyethylene bags.	21	2.0	3 d	NR	spores/g	6/6 samples toxic. Spoilage observed.	Larson and others 1997
C. botulinum (10 strains)	Broccoli	6.9	Spot inoculation, spores prepared in broth, heat shocked, and diluted in distilled water.	Samples loosely packaged and stored in sealed polyethylene bags.	12	2.0	9 d	NR	spores/g	3/6 samples toxic. Gross spoilage observed.	Larson and others 1997
C. botulinum (10 strains)	Broccoli	6.9	Spot inoculation, spores prepared in broth, heat shocked, and diluted in distilled water.	Samples loosely packaged and stored in sealed polyethylene bags.	4	2.0	30 d	NR	spores/g	0/6 samples toxic. Gross spoilage observed.	Larson and others 1997
C. botulinum nonproteolytic (8 strains)	Butternut squash	NR	Spore suspension (2.5 ml) added to 500 g sample.	1-inch cubes, inoculated and sealed in a polystyrene tray.	10 5	3.0 3.0	7 d 21 d	NR	spores/g	Toxin detected at 7 d (10°C) or 21 d (5°C). No change in appearance. Final pH 6.4 (5°C), 6.7 (10°C).	Austin and others 1998
C. botulinum proteolytic (10 strains)	Butternut squash	NR	Spore suspension (2.5 ml) added to 500 g sample.	1-inch cubes, inoculated and sealed in a polystyrene tray.	15 25	2.0 2.0	14 d 3 d	NR	spores/g	Toxin detected at 14 d (15°C) or 3 d (25°C). 15°C samples dry and moldy. Swelling of packaged observed in 25°C samples. Final pH 6.5 (15°C), 6.2 (25°C).	Austin and others 1998
C. botulinum (12 strains)	Cabbage (shredded)	NR	Spore suspension (1 ml), heat shocked, sprayed onto sample. Spores were suspended in gel-phosphate buffer.	Samples were sealed in 3-qt pouches and stored vented or not vented. Vented bags were placed with space between samples so that air could circulate.	4.4 12.7 21	2.1 2.1 2.1	28 d 28 d 28 d	2.2 2.0 ND^b	MPN spores/g	No toxin detected in samples stored at 4.4°C or 12.7°C. Toxin detected in non-vented samples stored at 21°C after 7 d. Samples were judge to be inedible prior to toxin detection.	Petran and others 1995
C. botulinum (10 strains, 5 type A and 5 type B)	Cabbage (shredded)	6.2	Spore suspended in water, 1 ml heat shocked suspension added to sample.	Stored in ethylene vinyl alcohol bags. Sealed in MAP of 70% CO₂ and 30% N₂.	22-25	0.8-1.8	6 d	NR	spores/g	No toxin detected.	Solomon and others 1990
C. botulinum (10 strains, 5 type A and 5 type B)	Cabbage (shredded)	6.2	Spore suspended in water, 1 ml heat shocked suspension added to sample.	Stored in ethylene vinyl alcohol bags. Sealed in MAP of 70% CO₂ and 30% N₂.	22-25	2-2.3	4 d	NR	spores/g	5/6 bags toxic. Cabbage acceptable. Only type A grew and produced toxin.	Solomon and others 1990
C. botulinum (10 strains, 5 type A and 5 type B)	Cabbage (shredded)	6.2	Spore suspended in water, 1 ml heat shocked suspension added to sample.	Stored in ethylene vinyl alcohol bags. Sealed in MAP of 70% CO₂ and 30% N₂.	22-25	2.9	4 d	NR	spores/g	2/2 bags toxic. Cabbage acceptable. Only type A grew and produced toxin.	Solomon and others 1990
C. botulinum (5 strains, type A)	Cabbage (shredded)	6.2	Spore suspended in water, 1 ml heat shocked suspension added to sample.	Stored in ethylene vinyl alcohol bags. Sealed in MAP of 70% CO₂ and 30% N₂.	22-25	1.6-2.1	6 d	NR	spores/g	No toxin detected.	Solomon and others 1990
C. botulinum (5 strains, type A)	Cabbage (shredded)	6.2	Spore suspended in water, 1 ml heat shocked suspension added to sample.	Stored in ethylene vinyl alcohol bags. Sealed in MAP of 70% CO₂ and 30% N₂.	22-25	2.5-3.0	4 d 5 d 6 d	NR	spores/g	5/10 bags toxic at 4 d, 8/10 bags toxic at 5 d, and 9/10 bags toxic at 6 d. Cabbage acceptable.	Solomon and others 1990
C. botulinum (10 strains)	Cabbage (shredded)	6.4	Spot inoculation, spores prepared in broth, heat shocked, and diluted in distilled water.	Samples stored in polyethylene bags and vacuum sealed.	4 12 21	2.0	37 8 4	NR	spores/g	0/6 samples were toxic at end of storage for all three temperatures. Gross spoilage was observed.	Larson and others 1997
C. botulinum (10 strains)	Carrot (sliced)	6.3	Spot inoculation, spores prepared in broth, heat shocked, and diluted in distilled water.	Samples stored in polyethylene bags and vacuum sealed.	4 12 21	2.0	78 d 14 d 4 d	NR	spores/g	0/6 samples were toxic at end of storage for all three temperatures. Gross spoilage was observed.	Larson and others 1997
C. botulinum nonproteolytic (8 strains)	Coleslaw	NR	Spore suspension (1 ml) injected through gas-tight septum.	Samples in original package.	5 10	3.0	21 d	NR	spores/g	No toxin detected after 21 d. No change in appearance.	Austin and others 1998
C. botulinum proteolytic (10 strains)	Coleslaw	NR	Spore suspension (1 ml) injected through gas-tight septum.	Samples in original package.	15 25	2.0	21 d	NR	spores/g	No toxin detected after 21 d. No change in appearance.	Austin and others 1998
C. botulinum (10 strains)	Green beans	6.3	Spot inoculation, spores prepared in broth, heat shocked, and diluted in distilled water.	Samples loosely packaged and stored in sealed polyethylene bags.	4 12 21	2.0	35 9 7	NR	spores/g	0/6 samples toxic at end of storage for all three temperatures. Gross spoilage observed.	Larson and others 1997
C. botulinum proteolytic (10 strains)	Mushroom (enoki)	NR	Spores suspended in trypticase peptone glucose yeast extract, 0.1ml inoculated per package.	Stored under anaerobic conditions in sealed bags.	6 15 15 27	3.0	21 d 7 d 14 d 2 d	No toxin No toxin Toxin Toxin	spores/ package	Spoilage evident when toxin detected.	Malizio and Johnson 1991
C. botulinum proteolytic (10 strains)	Mushroom (enoki)	NR	Spores suspended in trypticase peptone glucose yeast extract, 0.1ml inoculated per package.	Stored under anaerobic conditions in sealed bags.	15 27 27	2.0	14 d 2 d 4 d	Toxin No toxin Toxin	spores/ package	Spoilage evident when toxin detected.	Malizio and Johnson 1991
C. botulinum proteolytic (10 strains)	Mushroom (enoki)	NR	Spores suspended in trypticase peptone glucose yeast extract, 0.1ml inoculated per package.	Stored under anaerobic conditions in sealed bags.	15 21 27 27	1.0	14 d 21 d 2 d 4 d	No toxin Toxin No toxin Toxin	spores/ package	Spoilage evident when toxin detected.	Malizio and Johnson 1991
C. botulinum proteolytic (10 strains)	Onion	NR	Spore suspension (2.5 ml) added to 500 g sample.	5-mm slices, inoculated and sealed in polystyrene trays.	25	3.0	6 d	-	spores/g	Toxin detected at 6 d. Swelling of package observed but no change in appearance of onions.	Austin and others 1998
C. botulinum nonproteolytic (8 strains)	Rutabaga	NR	Spore suspension (2.5 ml) added to 500 g sample.	1-inch cubes, inoculated and sealed in polystyrene tray.	5 10	3.0 3.0	21 d	NR	spores/g	No toxin detected after 21 d. No change in appearance.	Austin and others 1998
C. botulinum proteolytic (10 strains)	Rutabaga	NR	Spore suspension (2.5 ml) added to 500 g sample.	1-inch cubes, inoculated and sealed in polystyrene tray.	15 25	2.0 2.0	21 d	NR	spores/g	No toxin detected after 21 d (15°C). No change in appearance. At 25°C toxin detected at 7 d. decay evident. Final pH 5.9.	Austin and others 1998
C. botulinum nonproteolytic (8 strains)	Stir fry vegetables	NR	Spore suspension (1 ml) injected into sealed bags through gas-tight septum.	Stored in plastic film.	5 10	3.0 3.0	21 d	3.0 3.3	CFU/g	No toxin detected after 21 d. No change in appearance.	Austin and others 1998
C. botulinum proteolytic (10 strains)	Stir fry vegetables	NR	Spore suspension (1 ml) injected into sealed bags through gas-tight septum.	Stored in plastic film.	15	2.0	21 d	2.8	CFU/g	No toxin detected at 21 d. No change in appearance.	Austin and others 1998
C. botulinum proteolytic (10 strains)	Stir fry vegetables	NR	Spore suspension (1 ml) injected into sealed bags through gas-tight septum.	Stored in plastic film.	25	2.0	11 d	>4.5	CFU/g	Toxin detected at 11 d. Soft appearance. Final pH 4.2.	Austin and others 1998
Escherichia coli O157:H7 (5 strains)	Carrot (shredded)	7.1	Dip inoculation, 1 min. Cells suspended in deionized water.	Stored in polyolefin L-bags consisting 3% O₂ and 97% N₂.	5 12 21	2.5	3 d 3 d 7 d	<1 <1 4.2	CFU/g	Samples held at 5°C and 12°C were positive upon enrichment through day 14.	Abdul-Raouf and others 1993
E. coli O157:H7 (5 strains)	Carrot (shredded)	7.1	Dip inoculation, 1 min. Cells suspended in deionized water.	Stored in air in polyolefin L-bags.	5 12 21	5.3	3 d 14 d 7 d	4.6 6.3 6.0	CFU/g	Samples held at 5°C were positive upon enrichment through day 14.	Abdul-Raouf and others 1993
E. coli O157:H7 (5 strains)	Carrot (shredded)	7.1	Dip inoculation, 1 min. Cells suspended in deionized water.	Stored in air in polyolefin L-bags.	5 12 21	2.5	3 d 3 d 7 d	<1 <1 3.8	CFU/g	Samples held at 5°C and 12°C were positive upon enrichment through day 14.	Abdul-Raouf and others 1993
E. coli O157:H7 (5 strains)	Carrot (shredded)	7.1	Dip inoculation, 1 min. Cells suspended in deionized water.	Stored in polyolefin L-bags consisting 3% O₂ and 97% N₂.	5 12 21	5.3	3 d 14 d 7 d	4.1 6.6 6.5	CFU/g	Samples held at 5°C were positive upon enrichment through day 14.	Abdul-Raouf and others 1993
E. coli O157:H7 (5 strains)	Cucumber (sliced)	7.3	Dip inoculation, 1 min. Cells suspended in deionized water.	5-mm discs, stored in 3% O₂ and 97% N₂ in polyolefin L-bags.	5 12 21	5.1	10 d 10 d 7 d	2.3 5.4 4.6	CFU/g	-	Abdul-Raouf and others 1993
E. coli O157:H7 (5 strains)	Cucumber (sliced)	7.3	Dip inoculation, 1 min. Cells suspended in deionized water.	5-mm discs, stored in 3% O₂ and 97% N₂ in polyolefin L-bags.	5 12 21	2.3	3 d 3 d 7 d	<1 <1 2.6	CFU/g	Samples stored at 5 and 12°C were positive upon enrichment through day 3 and day 7, respectively.	Abdul-Raouf and others 1993
E. coli O157:H7 (5 strains)	Cucumber (sliced)	7.3	Dip inoculation, 1 min. Cells suspended in deionized water.	5-mm discs, stored in air in polyolefin L-bags.	5 12 21	5.1	10 d 10 d 7 d	3.4 5.7 2.6	CFU/g	-	Abdul-Raouf and others 1993
E. coli O157:H7 (5 strains)	Cucumber (sliced)	7.3	Dip inoculation, 1 min. Cells suspended in deionized water.	5-mm discs, stored in air in polyolefin L-bags.	5 12 21	2.3	3 d 3 d 7 d	<1 <1 3.1	CFU/g	Samples stored at 5 and 12°C were positive upon enrichment through day 3 and day 10, respectively.	Abdul-Raouf and others 1993
Listeria monocytogenes (1 strain)	Asparagus	NR	Cells injected into samples.	Stored in hemetically sealed bags.	2 4 8 12 20	5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0	6-24 d 6-24 d 3-24 d 3-15 d 3-6 d	4.5 5.0 7.0 9.0 9.0	CFU/g CFU/g CFU/g CFU/g CFU/g	Approximately 1 log increase at 2 and 4°C within 3 d followed by decrease.	Castillejo Rodriguez and others 2000
L. monocytogenes (2 strains)	Asparagus	NR	Dip inoculation, 1 min. Cells suspended in 0.1M potassium phosphate buffer.	Samples stored in 6% CO_2,79% N_2,and 15% O₂in glass jars.	15 4	4.0/4.8 4.2/4.8	6 d 21 d	~7.3 ~5.8/6.5	CFU/g CFU/g	Asparagus first became unacceptable for consumption on day 6 (15°C) or day 21 (4°C).	Berrang and others 1989b
L. monocytogenes (2 strains)	Asparagus	NR	Dip inoculation, 1 min. Cells suspended in 0.1M potassium phosphate buffer.	Samples stored in ambient air in glass jars.	15 4	4.0/4.8 4.2/4.8	4 d 14 d	~7.0 ~5.0/5.5	CFU/g CFU/g	Asparagus first became unacceptable for consumption on day 4 (15°C) or day 14 (4°C).	Berrang and others 1989b
L. monocytogenes (2 strains)	Broccoli	NR	Dip inoculation, 1 min. Cells suspended in 0.1M potassium phosphate buffer.	Samples stored in 10% CO_2,79% N_2,and 11% O₂in glass jars.	15 4	5.0/5.5 4.0	10 d 21 d	~8.8 ~4.0/4.5	CFU/g CFU/g	Broccoli first became unacceptable for consumption on day 10 (15°C) or day 21 (4°C).	Berrang and others 1989b
L. monocytogenes (2 strains)	Broccoli	NR	Dip inoculation, 1 min. Cells suspended in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer.	Samples stored in ambient air in glass jars.	15 4	5.6 4.0	10 d 21 d	~8.7 ~3.8/4.0	CFU/g CFU/g	Broccoli first became unacceptable for consumption on day 6 (15°C) or day 14 (4°C).	Berrang and others 1989b
L. monocytogenes (5 strains)	Butternut squash	6.3	Cell suspension, 10 ml of cells added to sample. Cells suspended in 0.1% peptone.	2.5-cm cubes, inoculated, and transferred to a foam tray. Sealed and stored in a bag.	4 10	3.0	9 d	~6.5 ~8.5	CFU/g	-	Farber and others 1998
L. monocytogenes (1 strain)	Cabbage (shredded)	NR	Cells suspended in Butterfield's phosphate buffer, 1 ml added to sample.	Samples in stored gas impermeable plastic bags and sealed in ambient atmosphere.	5	3.6	13 d/17 d	4.6/2.1	CFU/g	-	Kallander and others 1991
L. monocytogenes (1 strain)	Cabbage (shredded)	NR	Cells suspended in Butterfield's phosphate buffer, 1 ml added to sample.	Samples in stored gas impermeable plastic bags and sealed in 70% CO₂ and 30% N2. held refrigerated for first 24 h.	5	3.0	17 d	~4.9	CFU/g	-	Kallander and others 1991
L. monocytogenes (1 strain)	Cabbage (shredded)	6.32 (day 1)	Cells suspended in Butterfield's phosphate buffer, 1 ml added to sample.	Samples in stored gas impermeable plastic bags and sealed in ambient atmosphere. held refrigerated for first 24 h.	25	4.1	2 d/6-9 d	~6.0/<1.3	CFU/g	-	Kallander and others 1991
L. monocytogenes (1 strain)	Cabbage (shredded)	6.32 (day 1)	Cells suspended in Butterfield's phosphate buffer, 1 ml added to sample.	Samples stored in gas impermeable plastic bags and sealed in 70% CO₂ and 30% N₂.	25	4.0	2 d/6-9 d	~4.5/<1.3	CFU/g	-	Kallander and others 1991
L. monocytogenes (1 strain)	Cabbage (shredded)	NR	Cells suspended in 0.1M potassium phosphate buffer and added to sample.	Samples were mixed, drained and adjusted to incubation temperature within 3 h.	5	4.0	25-64 d	~8.0	CFU/g	-	Beuchat and others 1986
L. monocytogenes (5 strains)	Carrot	NR	Cell suspension, 1 to1.6 ml of inoculum injected through a gas-tight septum. Cells suspended in 0.1% peptone.	Samples purchased from the store. Stored in original packaging.	4 10	2.3 2.3	9 d 9 d	1.0 <1.0	CFU/g	-	Farber and others 1998
L. monocytogenes (2 strains)	Carrot (shredded)	-	Dip inoculation, cells suspended in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer.	Carrots washed or unwashed in 200-250 ppm prior to shredding. Stored in ambient air or in 3% O₂ and 97% N₂.	5 15	1.1-2.6 <1.0	24 d 7 d	3.8-4.6 3.4-5.8	CFU/g	Similar results obtained for unwashed carrots stored at 5°C. Population declined to <1 log CFU/g (day 7) in unwashed carrots stored at 15°C.	Beuchat and Brackett 1990a
L. monocytogenes (2 strains)	Carrot (whole)	-	Dip inoculation, cells suspended in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer.	Carrots washed or unwashed in 200-250 ppm. Stored in ambient air or in 3% O₂ and 97% N₂.	5 15	1.8-2.4 2.5-3.0	18 d 7 d	<1.0 <1.0	CFU/g	-	Beuchat and Brackett 1990a
L. monocytogenes (2 strains)	Cauliflower	NR	Dip inoculation, 1 min. Cells suspended in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer.	Samples stored in 3% CO_2,79% N_2,and 18% O₂in glass jars.	15 4	3.4/4.0 2.8/ 3.0	8 d 21 d	~6.8/7.1 ~3.0/3.6	CFU/g CFU/g	Cauliflower first became unacceptable for consumption on day 8 (15°C) or day 21 (4°C).	Berrang and others 1989b
L. monocytogenes (2 strains)	Cauliflower	NR	Dip inoculation, 1 min. Cells suspended in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer.	Samples stored in ambient airin glass jars.	15 4	3.4/4.0 2.8/ 3.0	8 d 14 d	~6.2/6.8 ~2.3/3.6	CFU/g CFU/g	Cauliflower first became unacceptable for consumption on day 6 (15°C) or day 14 (4°C).	Berrang and others 1989b
L. monocytogenes (5 strains)	Coleslaw	6.6	Cell suspension, 1 to1.6 ml of inoculum injected through a gas-tight septum. Cells suspended in 0.1% peptone.	Samples were purchased from the store. Stored in original packaging.	4 10	2.5 2.5	9 d	~4.0 ~5.0	CFU/g	-	Farber and others 1998
L. monocytogenes (1 strain)	Endive (chicory)	NR	Cell suspension added to samples.	Stored in moderate vacuum packaging containers under moderate vacuum.	6.5	3.3	7 d	~2.5	CFU/g	-	Aytac and Gorris1994
L. monocytogenes (1 strain)	Endive (chicory)	NR	Cell suspension added to samples.	Stored in moderate vacuum packaging container in ambient air.	6.5	3.3	7 d	~5.2	CFU/g	-	Aytac and Gorris1994
L. monocytogenes (1 strain)	Endive (broad leaved)	-	Dip inoculation, 10 min. Cells suspended in sterile distilled water.	Samples were inoculated, drained, sealed, and stored in polypropylene pouches.	10	4.5	7 d	5.2	CFU/g	-	Carlin and Nguyen-the 1994
L. monocytogenes (1 strain)	Endive (curly leaved)	-	Dip inoculation, 10 min. Cells suspended in sterile distilled water.	Samples were inoculated, drained, sealed, and stored in polypropylene pouches.	10	4.2	7 d	4.5	CFU/g	-	Carlin and Nguyen-the 1994
L. monocytogenes (3 strains)	Endive (broad leaved)	NR	Dip inoculation, 10 min. Cells suspended in sterile distilled water. Strains inoculated independently.	Samples were inoculated, drained, sealed, and stored in polypropylene pouches.	10	4.1-4.8	7 d	6.1-7.0	CFU/g	When lower inoculation levels were used, populations inccreased faster during initial storage but final populations were lower.	Carlin and others 1995
L. monocytogenes (3 strains)	Endive (broad leaved)	NR	Dip inoculation, 10 min. Cells suspended in sterile distilled water.	Stored in 90-mm diameter petri dishes and placed in plastic boxes. Boxes contained wet absorbent paper. Stored in modified atmosphere of 10% CO₂, 10% O₂.	3 10	~3.9-4.0 ~4.1-4.2	10 d 8 d	~3.5-4.5 ~6.2-6.7	CFU/g	Higher initial CO₂ levels caused significant spoilage.	Carlin and others 1996
L. monocytogenes (3 strains)	Endive (broad leaved)	NR	Dip inoculation, 10 min. Cells suspended in sterile distilled water.	Stored in 90-mm diameter petri dishes and placed in plastic boxes. Boxes contained wet absorbent paper. Stored in ambient air.	3 10	~3.6-3.9 ~4.1-4.2	10 d 8 d	~4.0-5.0 ~6.2-6.7	CFU/g	-	Carlin and others 1996
L. monocytogenes (5 strains)	Onion	5.8	Cell suspension, 10 ml of cells added to sample. Cells suspended in 0.1% peptone.	1-cm slices, inoculated, and transferred to foam trays. Sealed and stored in bags.	4 10	4.0 3.5	9 d	~3.0 ~4.8	CFU/g	-	Farber and others 1998
L. monocytogenes (5 strains)	Rutabaga	6.3	Cell suspension, 10 ml of cells added to sample. Cells suspended in 0.1% peptone.	0.5 by 0.5 by 7.5cm sticks, inoculated, and transferred to foam trays. Stored and sealed in bags.	4 10	3.0 3.0	9 d	~4.0 ~6.0	CFU/g	-	Farber and others 1998
L. monocytogenes (5 strains)	Stir fry vegetables	6.8	Cell suspension, 1-1.6 ml of inoculum injected through a gas-tight septum. Cells suspended in 0.1% peptone.	Samples purchased from the store. Stored in original packaging.	4 10	2.5 2.5	9 d	~3.0 ~5.5	CFU/g	-	Farber and others 1998
Samonella Typhi	Jicama (cubes)	3.30	Spot inoculation, cells suspended in saline. 1 drop (Pasteur pipette) inoculated per cube.	12 cm² cubes, 0.05 ml lemon juice added, inoculated, and stored in covered glass trays.	25-27	3.1	6 h	3.4	CFU/cube	-	Fernandez Escartin and others 1989
S. Typhi	Jicama (cubes)	5.97	Spot inoculation, cells suspended in saline. 1 drop (Pasteur pipette) inoculated per cube.	12 cm² cubes, inoculated, and stored in covered glass trays.	25-27	3.2	6 h	4.7	CFU/cube	-	Fernandez Escartin and others 1989
Shigella dysenteriae (1 strain)	Jicama (cubes)	5.97	Spot inoculation, cells suspended in saline. 1 drop (Pasteur pipette) inoculated per cube.	12 cm² cubes, inoculated and stored in covered glass trays.	25-27	1.5	6 h	2.2	CFU/cm²	-	Fernandez Escartin and others 1989
S. flexneri (1 strain)	Carrot salad	NR	Cells suspended in water and added to sample.	Samples stored in 50 ml polypropylene centrifuge tubes.	5	~6.7	11 d	~2.5	CFU/g	-	Rafii and Lunsford 1997
S. flexneri (1 strain)	Green pepper (chopped)	NR	Cells suspended in water and added directly to sample.	Samples stored in 50 ml polypropylene centrifuge tubes.	4	6.7	12 d	4.3	CFU/g	-	Rafii and Lunsford 1997
S. flexneri (1 strain)	Coleslaw	NR	Cells suspended in water and added directly to sample.	Samples stored in 50 ml polypropylene centrifuge tubes.	4	~5.1	16 d	~4.3	CFU/g	-	Rafii and Lunsford 1997
S. flexneri (1 strain)	Cabbage (chopped)	NR	Cells suspended in water, added directly to sample.	Samples stored in 50 ml polypropylene centrifuge tubes.	4	6.5	26 d	3.1	CFU/g	-	Rafii and Lunsford 1997
S. flexneri (1 strain)	Onion (chopped)	NR	Cells suspended in water and added to sample.	Samples stored in 50 ml polypropylene centrifuge tubes.	4	6.7	12 d	5.3	CFU/g	-	Rafii and Lunsford 1997
S. sonnei	Parsley (chopped leaves)	NR	Parsley was immersed in suspension of cells in 0.05 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) for 1 min while being agitated, then dried at 21°C for 1 h.	Leaves (300 g) placed in 9-liter pans.	21	3.5	1 d	6.2	CFU/g	Subjective examination revealed that parsley was edible.	Wu and others 2000
S. sonnei	Parsley (whole leaves)	NR	Parsley was immersed in suspension of cells in 0.05 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) for 1 min while being agitated, then dried at 21°C for 1 h.	Leaves (300 g) placed in 9-liter pans.	21	3.2	7 d	3.8	CFU/g	Subjective examination revealed that parsley was edible.	Wu and others 2000
S. sonnei	Parsley (whole or chopped leaves)	NR	Parsley was immersed in suspension of cells in 0.05 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) for 1 min while being agitated, then dried at 21°C for 1 h.	Leaves (300 g) placed in 9-liter pans.	4	3.2-3.5	14 d	0.4-0.8	CFU/g	Subjective examination revealed that parsley was edible.	Wu and others 2000
S. sonnei (3 strains)	Parsley (chopped)	-	Dip inoculation, cells suspended in 0.05 M potassium phosphate-buffered saline. 1200 g sample inoculated and dried. Chopped after drying.	Stored in 9-liter plastic pans.	4 21	6.48/3.49	2 d	~9.2/~6.3	CFU/g	The pathogen grew to 9.2 and 6.3 log CFU/g within 2 d at 21°C, followed by a decline. Inoculated chopped parsley stored at 4°C declined throughout a 14 day storage period.	Wu and others 2000
S. sonnei (3 strains)	Parsley (whole, leaves)	-	Dip inoculation, cells suspended in 0.05 M potassium phosphate-buffered saline. 1200 g sample inoculated and dried.	Stored in 9-liter plastic pans.	21	3.23/6.19	7 d/7 d	~3.0/~6.5	CFU/g	An increase of <1 log within 1 day at 21°C, followed by a decline in population after 2 d. Inoculated parsley stored at 4°C declined thoroughout the 14 day storage period.	Wu and others 2000
S. sonnei (1 strain)	Cabbage (shredded)	6.8	Dip inoculation, cells suspended in Butterfield's phosphate buffer.	Stored under vacuum in gas impermeable bags.	24+ 2 0-6	3.2 3.5	1 d/7 d 7 d	7.0/<-0.52 3.5	MPN/g	-	Satchell and others 1990
S. sonnei (1 strain)	Cabbage (shredded)	6.8	Dip inoculation, cells suspended in Butterfield's phosphate buffer.	Stored in modified atmosphere (30% N₂, 70% CO₂) in gas impermeable bags.	24+ 2 0-6	3.4 2.6	1 d/7 d 7 d	7.0/3.7 2.5	MPN/g	-	Satchell and others 1990
S. sonnei (1 strain)	Cabbage (shredded)	6.8	Dip inoculation, cells suspended in Butterfield's phosphate buffer.	Stored anaerobically in gas impermeable bags.	24+ 2 0-6	3.6 3.8	2 d/7 d 7 d	7.0/4.4 -0.081	MPN/g	-	Satchell and others 1990
Shigella (3 species)	Jicama (cubes)	5.97	Spot inoculation, cells suspended in saline. 1 drop (Pasteur pipette) inoculated per cube.	12 cm² cubes, inoculated and stored in covered glass trays.	25-27	2.5-2.6	6 h	3.3-4.0	CFU/cm²	S. sonnei, S. flexneri, S. dysenteriae	Fernandez Escartin and others 1989
^aNot reported

Table G/S-5: Survival and Growth of Pathogenic Bacteria on Raw Lettuce and Salads

Pathogen	Produce Type	pH	Mode of Inoculation	Storage Conditions	Temperature (°C)	Initial Counts (log₁₀ CFU)	Incubation Time	Final Counts (log₁₀ CFU)	Unit	Comments	Reference
Clostridium botulinum (10 strains)	Lettuce (intact)	6.2	Spot inoculation, spores prepared in broth, heat shocked, and diluted in distilled water.	Samples stored in polyethylene bags and vacuum sealed.	4 12 21	2.0	50 d 13 d 6 d	NR	NR	At 4°C, 0/6 toxic. At 12°C, 0/6 toxic. At 21°C, 2/6 toxic. Gross spoilage observed when toxin detected.	Larson and others 1997
C. botulinum nonproteolytic (8 strains)	Mixed salad	NR^a	Spore suspension, 1 ml injected through gas-tight septum.	Samples in original package.	5 10 15 25	3.0	21 d 21 d 14 d 4 d	3.7 3.7 >4.5 >4.4	spores/g	No toxin at 5 or 10°C. Toxin detected at 14 d (15°C) and 4 d (25°C). Moderate browning at time of toxin detection. Final pH 5.3-5.9.	Austin and others 1998
C. botulinun proteolytic (10 strains)	Mixed salad	NR	Spore suspension, 1 ml injected through gas-tight septum.	Samples in original package.	15 15 25	1.0 2.0	21 d 21 d 7 d	NR NR >4.5	spores/g	No toxin at 15°C. Extensive decay observed when toxin detected (7 d at 25°C).	Austin and others 1998
C. botulinum (12 strains)	Romaine lettuce (shredded)	NR	Spore suspension (1 ml), heat shocked, sprayed onto sample. Spores were suspended in gel-phosphate buffer.	Samples were sealed in 3-qt pouches and stored vented or not vented. Vented bags were placed with space between samples so that air could circulate.	4.4 12.7 21	2.0 2.0 2.0	28 d 28 d 28 d	2.0 2.1 ND^b	MPN spores/g	No toxin detected in samples stored at 4.4°C or 12.7°C. Toxin detected in non-vented samples stored at 21°C after 14 d and in vented samples after 21 d. Samples were judge to be inedible prior to toxin detection.	Petran and others 1995
C. botulinum nonproteolytic (8 strains)	Romaine lettuce	NR	Spore suspension, 1 ml injected through gas-tight septum.	Samples in original package.	5 10	3.0	21 d	NR	spores/g	Toxin not detected. No change in appearance.	Austin and others 1998
C. botulinun proteolytic (10 strains)	Romaine lettuce	NR	Spore suspension, 1 ml injected through gas-tight septum.	Samples packaged in film.	15 15 25	1.0 2.0	21 d 21 d 9 d	NR NR >4.5	spores/g	Toxin not detected at 15°C. No change in appearance. Extensive decay observed when toxin detected at 25°C.	Austin and others 1998
Escherichia coli O157:H7	Lettuce (shredded)	~7.4	Dip inoculation, 1 min. Cells suspended in deionized water.	Stored in polyolefin L-bags consisting 3% O₂ and 97% N₂.	5 12 21	5.3	14 d 3 d/14 d 3 d/7 d	3.1 7.0/8.0 8.5/8.7	CFU/g	-	Abdul-Raouf and others 1993
E. coli O157:H7	Lettuce (shredded)	~7.4	Dip inoculation, 1 min. Cells suspended in deionized water.	Stored in air in polyolefin L-bags.	5 12 21	5.3	14 d 3 d/14 d 3 d/7 d	4.2 6.8/7.5 8.5/8.8	CFU/g	-	Abdul-Raouf and others 1993
E. coli O157:H7	Iceberg lettuce (shredded)	NR	Dip inoculation (1 min) in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) suspension before mild heat treatment (50°C, 90 s).	Stored in plastic bags for up to 18 d.	5	3.4	18 d	2.9	CFU/g	Counts on heated lettuce were similar to counts on unheated lettuce.	Li and others 2001
E. coli O157:H7	Iceberg lettuce (shredded)	NR	Dip inoculation (1 min) in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) suspension before mild heat treatment (50°C, 90 s).	Stored in plastic bags for up to 7 d.	15	3.4	7 d	7.6	CFU/g	Counts on heated lettuce were significantly higher than counts on unheated lettuce stored for 4 and 7 d.	Li and others 2001
E. coli O157:H7	Iceberg lettuce (pieces)		Dip inoculation, 30 s. Cells suspended in trypticase soy broth.	Stored in sealed plastic bags.	4	~3.9	4	~3.7	CFU/g	-	Lin and others 2000
Listeria monocytogenes (1 strain)	Butterhead lettuce	NR	Dip inoculation, 10 mins. Cells suspended in sterile distilled water.	Samples were drained on absorbent paper, sealed, and stored in polypropylene pouches.	10	4.4	7 d	5.3	CFU/g	-	Carlin and Nguyen-the 1994
L. monocytogenes (5 strains)	Ceasar salad	6.3	Cells suspended in 0.1% peptone, 1-1.6 ml injected through a gas-tight septum.	Samples purchased from store, inoculated, and stored in original packaging.	4 10	~3.0 ~3.0	9 d	~3.0 ~6.0	CFU/g	-	Farber and others 1998
L. monocytogenes (1 strain)	Lettuce (pieces)	NR	Inoculated with contaminated gloved hands. Inoculum diluted in sterile water.	Stored in sealed plastic bags.	5 12 25	5.4 3.8 4.6	14 d 14 d 14 d	6.5 6.9 5.9	CFU/g	Levels of L. monocytogenes estimated by randomly selecting 5 colonies from plate count agar and streaking onto McBride Listeria Agar.	Steinbruegge and others 1988
L. monocytogenes (2 strains)	Lettuce (shredded)	NR	Dip inoculation, 1 min. Cells suspended in 0.1 M phosphate buffer.	Produce washed in 200-250ppm chlorine and stored in Cryvovac L-bags in 3% O₂ and 97% N₂.	5 10	4.1 4.2	15 d 10 d	~5.0 ~8.0	CFU/g	-	Beuchat and Brackett 1990b
L. monocytogenes (2 strains)	Lettuce (shredded)	NR	Dip inoculation, 1 min. Cells suspended in 0.1 M phosphate buffer.	Produce not washed and stored in Cryvovac L-bags in 3% O₂ and 97% N₂.	5 10	4.8 4.8	15 d 10 d	~4.8 ~7.7	CFU/g	-	Beuchat and Brackett 1990b
L. monocytogenes (2 strains)	Lettuce, whole leaves	NR	Dip inoculation, 1 min. Cells suspended in 0.1 M phosphate buffer.	Produce not washed and stored in Cryvovac L-bags in 3% O₂ and 97% N₂.	5 10	4.6 4.7	15 d 10 d	5.4 6.8	CFU/g	-	Beuchat and Brackett 1990b
L. monocytogenes (2 strains)	Lettuce, whole leaves	NR	Dip inoculation, 1 min. Cells suspended in 0.1M phosphate buffer.	Produce washed in 200-250ppm chlorine and stored in Cryvovac L-bags in 3% O₂ and 97% N₂.	5 10	4.3 4.7	15 d 10 d	4.9 6.8	CFU/g	-	Beuchat and Brackett 1990b
L. monocytogenes (1 strain)	Lamb's lettuce	NR	Dip inoculation, 10 mins. Cells suspended in sterile distilled water.	Samples were drained on absorbent paper, sealed, and stored in polypropylene pouches.	10	4.1	7 d	4.0	CFU/g	-	Carlin and Nguyen-the 1994
L. monocytogenes	Iceberg lettuce (pieces)		Dip inoculation, 30 s. Cells suspended in trypticase soy broth.	Stored in sealed plastic bags.	4	~4.1	4	~4.4	CFU/g	-	Lin and others 2000
Salmonella Baildon	Iceberg lettuce (shredded)	6.06-7.00	Cells suspended in deionized water, 30 ml mixed with 2270 g of lettuce.	Lettuce (450g) was sealed in plastic bags. Stored for up to 12 d.	4	0.3	12 d	<1.0	CFU/g	Detected in 6 of 6 enriched samples (25 g) after 2, 5, and 8 d, and 1 of 6 samples after 12 d.	Weissinger and others 2000
S. Baildon	Iceberg lettuce (shredded)	6.06-7.00	Cells suspended in deionized water; 30 ml mixed with 2270 g of lettuce.	Lettuces (450g) was sealed in plastic bags. Stored for up to 12 d.	4	3.3	12 d	1.8	CFU/g	Counts were 3.24, 3.07, and 2.69 log₁₀ CFU/g after 2, 5, and 8 d, respectively.	Weissinger and others 2000
S. Montevideo	Iceberg lettuce (pieces)		Dip inoculation 30 s. Cells suspended in trypticase soy broth.	Stored in sealed plastic bags.	4	~4.1	4	~4.4	CFU/g	-	Lin and others 2000
Shigella sonnei	Lettuce (shredded)	NR	Spot inoculated.	Strain isolated from outbreak and inoculated onto lettuce.	5	NR	7 d	1 log decrease	CFU/g	-	Davis and others 1988
S. sonnei	Lettuce (shredded)	NR	Spot inoculated.	Strain isolated from outbreak and inoculated onto lettuce.	15	3.1	-	-	CFU/g	5 h generation time.	Davis and others 1988
S. sonnei (1 strain)	Lettuce (shredded)	NR	Spot inoculated.	Strain isolated from outbreak and inoculated onto lettuce.	22	3.1	12 h	6.3	CFU/g	S. sonnei survived but did not grow at 5 and 15°C.	Davis and others 1988
^aNot reported ^bNot determined

Table G/S-6: Survival and Growth of Pathogenic Bacteria in Unpasteurized Juice

Pathogen	Juice Type	pH	Mode of Inoculation	Conditions	Temperature (°C)	Initial Counts (log₁₀ CFU)	Incubation Time	Final Counts (log₁₀ CFU)	Unit	Comments	Reference
Escherichia coli O157:H7 (1 strain)	Apple, cider	3.7	Cells suspended in 0.85% NaCl solution, 1 ml added to 100 ml sample.	Full strength apple cider. Stored in flask on a shaker at 150 rpm.	26	6	6 d	4.5	CFU/ml	-	Janisiewicz and others 1999
E. coli O157:H7	Apple, cider	3.6-4.0	Cells suspended in 0.1 M phosphate buffered saline, 0.5 ml added to sample.	6 different lots of apple cider used.	8	5.0	15-34 d	<1.0	CFU/ml	Populations initially increased slightly, remained stable through day 12 then decreased to undetectable levels. Growth was questioned by authors. Addition of sodium benzoate (0.1%) resulted in more rapid decline (undetectable between day 3-15).	Zhao and others 1993
E. coli O157:H7	Apple, cider	3.6-4.0	Cells suspended in 0.1 M phosphate buffered saline, 0.5 ml added to sample.	6 different lots of apple cider used.	8	2.0	11-15 d	<1.0	CFU/ml	Steady population decline.	Zhao and others 1993
E. coli O157:H7 (2 strains)	Apple, cider (filter sterilized)	3.5	Culture grown in tryptic soy broth, added to sample.	Inoculum grown in apple juice adjusted to pH 6.5.	21 4	~5.3	7 d 7 d	<1.5 2.2	CFU/ml	-	Uljas and Ingham 1998
E. coli O157:H7	Apple, cider	3.6-4.0	Cells suspended in 0.1 M phosphate buffered saline, 0.5 ml added to sample.	6 different lots of apple cider used.	25	5.0	3-6 d	<1.0	CFU/ml	Initial increase in population 24-48 h followed by decline. Growth was questioned by authors. higher numbers achieved in higher pH juice. More rapid decline when yeast levels were high.	Zhao and others 1993
E. coli (O157:H7)	Apple, cider	3.6-4.2	NR	Room temperature for up to 11 d.	20-25°C	4.3	7 d	2.5 - 41	CFU/ml	Rate of inactivation in cider from McIntosh apples was more rapid than in cider from Red delicious, Golden delicious, or Melrose apples.	Dingman 2000
E. coli O157:H7	Apple, juice	3.70	Cells suspended in 0.85% NaCl solution, 1 ml added to sample.	Full strength apple juice. Stored in flask on a shaker at 150 rpm.	26	6.0	6 d	5.5	CFU/ml	-	Janisiewicz and others 1999
E. coli O157:H7	Apple, juice	3.62	Cells suspended in 0.85% NaCl solution, 1 ml added to sample.	Juice diluted with 50% water. Stored in flask on a shaker at 150 rpm.	26	6.0	6 d	5.0	CFU/ml	-	Janisiewicz and others 1999
E. coli O157:H7	Apple, juice	3.55	Cells suspended in 0.85% NaCl solution, 1 ml added to sample.	Juice diluted with 75% water. Stored in flask on a shaker at 150 rpm.	26	6.0	6 d	4.5	CFU/ml	-	Janisiewicz and others 1999

Table G/S-7: Survival and Growth of Pathogenic Organism on Sprout Seeds or Raw Sprouts

Pathogen	Produce Type	Mode of Inoculation	Storage Conditions	Temperature (°C)	Initial Counts (log₁₀ CFU)	Incubation Time	Final Counts (log₁₀ CFU)	Unit	Comments	Reference
Aeromonas hydrophila	Sprouts, mung bean	Diluted suspension inoculated onto sprouts.	Stored in rigid plastic containers, 400 mB.	6.5	5.0	5 d	~6.8	CFU/g	Sprouts obtained from local retail market.	Aytac and Gorris 1994
A. hydrophila	Sprouts, mung bean	Diluted suspension inoculated onto sprouts.	Stored in rigid plastic containers.	6.5	5.0	7 d	~9.2	CFU/g	Sprouts obtained from local retail market.	Aytac and Gorris1994
Escherichia coli O157:H7 (5 strains)	Seeds, alfalfa	Dip inoculation 1 min. Cells suspended in deionized water.	Inoculated seeds were dried (5.1-6.2% moisture) before storage in sealed containers.	5	3	54 weeks	<0.3	CFU/g	Counts decreased to 1.5 log₁₀ CFU/g within 38 weeks. detected by enrichment at 54 weeks.	Taormina and Beuchat 1999b
E. coli O157:H7 (5 strains)	Seeds, alfalfa	Dip inoculation, 1 min. Cells suspended in deionized water.	Inoculated seeds were dried (5.1-6.2% moisture) before storage in sealed containers.	25	3	54 weeks	<0.3		Counts decreased to 0.74 and <0.3 log₁₀ CFU/g after 8 and 12 weeks, respectively. detected by enrichment after 38 weeks but not 54 weeks.	Taormina and Beuchat 1999b
E. coli O157:H7 (5 strains)	Seeds, alfalfa	Dip inoculation, 1 min. Cells suspended in deionized water.	Inoculated seeds were dried (5.1-6.2% moisture) before storage in sealed containers.	37	3	54 weeks	<0.3		Counts decreased and <0.3 log₁₀ CFU/g within 8 weeks. detected by enrichment after 38 weeks, but not 54 weeks.	Taormina and Beuchat 1999b
E. coli O157:H7 (5 strains)	Sprouts, alfalfa	Dip inoculation of seeds, 1 min. Cells suspended in Butterfield's phosphate buffer.	Counts were monitored during sprout production in glass jars.	25	NR	5 d	7.1-8.0	CFU/g	Seeds were treated with disinfectants before sprouting.	Lang and others 2000
E. coli O157:H7 (5 strains)	Sprouts, alfalfa	Dip inoculation of seeds, 1 min. Cells suspended in deionized water. Sprouts produced from inoculated, dried seeds.	Counts were monitored during sprout production in plastic boxes.	21	2.3	72 h	7.1	CFU/g	Sprouts contained 7.4 and 7.2 log₁₀ CFU/g after 24 and 48 h, respectively.	Taormina and Beuchat 1999a
E. coli O157:H7	Sprouts alfalfa	Dip inoculation of seeds, 10 min. Cells suspended in 0.1% peptone.	Counts were monitored during sprout production in covered trays.	22	3.1	10 d	5.7	CFU/g	Counts reached ca. 5.8 log₁₀ CFU/g within 2 d.	Castro-Rosas and Escartin 2000
E. coli O157:H7 (5 strains)	Sprouts alfalfa	Sprouts were produced at 21°C from inoculated seeds containing 2.7 log₁₀ CFU/g.	Stored in closed plastic boxes.	9	6.0-6.9	12 d	5.6-6.5	CFU/g	Subjective evaluation revealed sprouts were edible.	Taormina and Beuchat 1999a
Salmonella (5 serotypes)	Sprouts alfalfa	Spot inoculation (0.1 ml) of 10 g of sprouts. Cells were suspended in 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.8).	Stored in closed clear plastic boxes.	10	7.7	11 d	6.9	CFU/g	Sprouts were subjectively judged to be edible after 11 d.	Weissinger and others 2001
S. Stanley	Seeds, alfalfa	Dip inoculation 1 min. Cells suspended in deionized water.	Inoculated seeds were dried before storage in sealed containers.	8, 21	2.5	9 weeks	1.81	CFU/g	Seeds stored at 8°C for 9 weeks, then 21°C for 8 weeks contained 0.92 log₁₀ CFU/g.	Jaquette and others 1996
S. Stanley	Alfalfa seeds	Dip inoculation, cells suspended in 30 ml deionized water, seeds added to suspension and mixed for 1 min.	Seeds placed on wire screens, dried under a laminar flow hood for 24 h. Seeds stored in plastic bags at 21°C for 48 h and then stored at 8°C.	21	2.5	8 weeks	0.9	CFU/g	-	Jaquette and others 1996
S. Typhi	Sprouts, alfalfa	Dip inoculation of seeds, 10 min. Cells suspended in 0.1% peptone.	Counts were monitored during sprout production in covered trays.	22	2.5	6 d	3.7	CFU/g	Counts increased to ca. 6.1 log₁₀ CFU/g within 1 d, then decreased through 6 d.	Castro-Rosas and Escartin 2000
S. Typhi	Sprouts, alfalfa	Dip inoculation of seeds, 10 min. Cells suspended in 0.1% peptone. Sprouts produced at 22°C for 7 d.	Stored in closed trays.	4-7	4.8	15 d	4.5	CFU/g	Decreases have no practical significance to safety.	Castro-Rosas and Escartin 2000
S. Typhi	Sprouts alfalfa	Seeds were germinated for 24 h, then inoculated with cells suspended in 0.1% peptone.	Counts were monitored during sprout production in covered trays.	22	3.4	8 d	2.4	CFU/g	Counts decreased by ca. 1 log₁₀, suggesting inability to compete with aerobic microorganisms, which were present at 7.5 log₁₀ CFU/g when sprouts were inoculated with S. Typhi.	Castro-Rosas and Escartin 2000
Vibrio cholerae	Sprouts, alfalfa	Dip inoculation of seeds, 10 min. Cells suspended in 0.1% peptone.	Counts were monitored during sprout production in covered trays.	22	2.5	6 d	3.7	CFU/g	Counts increased to ca. 5.8 log₁₀ CFU/g within 1 d, then decreased through 6 d.	Castro-Rosas and Escartin 2000
V. cholerae	Sprouts alfalfa	Seeds were germinated for 24 h, then inoculated with cells suspended in 0.1% peptone.	Counts were monitored during sprout production in covered trays.	22	2.5	8 d	0.5	CFU/g	Counts decreased by ca. 2 log₁₀, suggesting inability to compete with aerobic microorganisms, which were at 7.5 log₁₀ CFU/g when sprouts were inoculated with V. cholerae.	Castro-Rosas and Escartin 2000
V. cholerae	Sprouts, alfalfa	Dip inoculation of seeds, 10 min. Cells suspended in 0.1% peptone. Sprouts produced at 22°C for 7 d.	Stored in closed trays.	4-7	3.1	15 d	2.1	CFU/g	Decreases have no practical significance to safety.	Castro-Rosas and Escartin 2000

Table G/S-8: Survival of Pathogenic Viruses on Raw Produce

Pathogen	Produce Type	Mode of Inoculation	Storage Conditions	Temperature (°C)	Initial Counts (log₁₀ CFU)	Incubation Time	Final Counts (log₁₀ CFU)	Unit	Comments	Reference
Coxsackie virus B5	Carrot, whole	0.05 ml spot inoculated onto sample. Virus suspended in water.	Samples were left uncovered.	4	~2.6	1 d 5 d	~1.6 <0.6	PFU/sample	Presence of moisture improved survival. Survival significantly better in closed containers with high humidity. Presence of feces improved survival.	Konowalchuk and Speirs 1975
Coxsackie virus B5	Carrot, whole	0.05 ml spot inoculated onto sample. Virus suspended in dilute feces (1%).	Samples were left uncovered.	4	~2.6	1 d 5 d	~1.7 ~1.2	PFU/sample	Presence of moisture improved survival. Survival significantly better in closed containers with high humidity. Presence of feces improved survival.	Konowalchuk and Speirs 1975
Coxsackie virus B5	Carrot, whole	Spot inoculation, 0.05 ml inoculated onto sample. Virus suspended in undiluted feces.	Samples were left uncovered.	4	~2.6	1 d 5 d	~1.9 ~1.4	PFU/sample	Presence of moisture improved survival. Survival significantly better in closed containers with high humidity. Presence of feces improved survival.	Konowalchuk and Speirs 1975
Coxsackie virus B5	Celery	0.05 ml spot inoculated onto sample. Virus suspended in water or dilute feces (1%).	Samples were enclosed in polyethylene bags which contained a dish of water to maintain humidity.	4	~2.6	8 d	~2.6	PFU/sample	Presence of moisture improved survival. Survival significantly better in closed containers with high humidity. Presence of feces improved survival.	Konowalchuk and Speirs 1975
Coxsackie virus B5	Celery	0.05 ml spot inoculated onto sample. Virus suspended in water or dilute feces (1%).	Samples were left uncovered.	4	~2.6	1 d	~2.0	PFU/sample	Presence of moisture improved survival. Survival significantly better in closed containers with high humidity. Presence of feces improved survival.	Konowalchuk and Speirs 1975
Coxsackie virus B5	Lettuce, pieces	Spot inoculation, 0.1 ml inoculated onto each 16-mm disc. Virus grown in hep-2 cells, diluted in phosphate buffered saline.	Lettuce discs were stored in capped storage flasks with no moisture.	4	2.0	7 d	~1.9	-	-	Konowalchuk and Speirs 1974
Coxsackie virus B5	Lettuce, pieces	Spot inoculation, 0.1ml inoculated onto each 16-mm disc. Virus grown in hep-2 cells, diluted in phosphate buffered saline.	Lettuce discs were stored in capped storage flasks with low moisture levels.	4	2.0	7 d	~1.6	-	-	Konowalchuk and Speirs 1974
Coxsackie virus B5	Lettuce, pieces	Spot inoculation, 0.1 ml inoculated onto each 16-mm disc. Virus grown in hep-2 cells, diluted in phosphate buffered saline.	Lettuce discs were stored in capped storage flasks with high moisture levels.	4	2.0	7 d	~1.9	PFU/sample	-	Konowalchuk and Speirs 1974
Coxsackie virus B5	Radish, whole root	0.05 ml spot inoculated onto sample. Virus suspended in water.	Samples were left uncovered.	4	~2.6	1 d 5 d	~1.6 <0.6	PFU/sample	Presence of moisture improved survival. Survival significantly better in closed containers with high humidity. Presence of feces improved survival.	Konowalchuk and Speirs 1975
Coxsackie virus B5	Radish, whole root	0.05 ml spot inoculated onto sample. Virus suspended in dilute feces (1%).	Samples were left uncovered.	4	~2.6	1 d 5 d	~1.8 ~1.3	PFU/sample	Presence of moisture improved survival. Survival significantly better in closed containers with high humidity. Presence of feces improved survival.	Konowalchuk and Speirs 1975
Coxsackie virus B5	Radish, whole root	0.05 ml spot inoculated onto sample. Virus suspended in undiluted feces.	Samples were left uncovered.	4	~2.6	1 d 5 d	~2.0 ~1.7	PFU/sample	Presence of moisture improved survival. Survival significantly better in closed containers with high humidity. Presence of feces improved survival.	Konowalchuk and Speirs 1975
Enteroviruses (5 strains)	Lettuce	Virus suspended in saline, 1 ml inoculated per 100 g sample.	Samples were kept in 150-200 ml beakers.	3.1	Unknown	11 d	-	TCD₅₀/ml	0.5 log decrease observed.	Bagdasaryan 1964
Enteroviruses (5 strains)	Tomato, whole	Virus suspended in saline, 1 ml inoculated per 100 g sample.	Samples were kept in 150-200 ml beakers.	3-8	Unknown	15 d	-	TCD₅₀/ml	1 log decrease observed.	Bagdasaryan 1964
Enteroviruses (5 strains)	Tomato, whole	Virus suspended in saline, 1 ml inoculated per 100 g sample.	Samples were kept in 150-200 ml beakers.	18-21	Unknown	15 d	-	TCD₅₀/ml	1 to 2.5 log decrease observed.	Bagdasaryan 1964
Hepatitis A virus (strain hM 175)	Lettuce (pieces)	Inoculum contained 5% fetal bovine serum.	Samples were held in loosely covered petri dishes to allow air flow.	4 22	7.3 7.3	12 d 12 d	6.9 3.3	PFU/ml	-	Bidawid and others 2001
Hepatitis A virus (strain hM 175)	Lettuce (pieces)	Inoculum contained 5% fetal bovine serum.	Samples held inside heat sealed plastic bag.	4 22	7.3 7.3	12 d 12 d	7.1 6.1	PFU/ml	-	Bidawid and others 2001
Hepatitis A virus (strain hM 175)	Lettuce (pieces)	Inoculum contained 5% fetal bovine serum.	Samples held in heat sealed plastic bags containing 70% CO₂ and 30% N₂.	4 22	7.3 7.3	12 d 12 d	7.2 6.9	PFU/ml	-	Bidawid and others 2001
Rotavirus SA-11	Carrot, pieces	0.1 ml spot inoculated onto sample. Virus grown on MA-104 cells. Virus suspended in Tris-buffered saline.	Samples stored in uncovered containers.	4 25	4.5 4.5	25 d 15 d	~1.2 ~1.0	PFU/ml	-	Badawy and others 1985
Rotavirus SA-11	Carrot, pieces	Immersion inoculation, 200 ml of 10⁵PFU/ml. Virus grown on MA-104 cells. Virus suspended in Tris-buffered saline.	Samples stored in uncovered containers.	4 25	3.0 2.8	4 d 2 d	<1.0 <1.0	PFU/ml	-	Badawy and others 1985
Rotavirus SA-11	Lettuce, pieces	0.1 ml spot inoculated onto sample. Virus grown on MA-104 cells. Virus suspended in Tris-buffered saline.	Samples stored in uncovered containers.	4 25	4.5	30 d 25 d	2.5 1.1	PFU/ml	-	Badawy and others 1985
Rotavirus SA-11	Lettuce, pieces	Immersion inoculation, 200 ml of 10⁵PFU/ml. Virus grown on MA-104 cells. Virus suspended in Tris-buffered saline.	Samples stored in uncovered containers.	4 25	4.5	25 d 15 d	~1.2 ~1.2	PFU/ml	-	Badawy and others 1985
Rotavirus SA-11	Radish, whole root	0.1 ml spot inoculated onto sample. Virus grown on MA-104 cells. Virus suspended in Tris-buffered saline.	Samples stored in covered containers.	4 25	4.5 4.5	30 d 4 d	~1.5 ~2.5	PFU/ml	-	Badawy and others 1985
Rotavirus SA-11	Radish, whole root	Immersion inoculation, 200 ml of 10⁵PFU/ml. Virus grown on MA-104 cells. Virus suspended in Tris-buffered saline.	Samples stored in uncovered containers.	4 25	3.6 3.6	5 d 4 d	~1.0 ~2.0	PFU/ml	-	Badawy and others 1985

Table of Contents

Food

Section Contents Menu

Chapter IV: Growth/Survival Tables

Analysis and Evaluation of Preventive Control Measures for the Control and Reduction/Elimination of Microbial Hazards on Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce

Chapter IV

Outbreaks Associated with Fresh Produce: Incidence, Growth, and Survival of Pathogens in Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce