Food
Pesticide Residue Monitoring Program 1997
August, 1998
Table of Contents
- FDA Monitoring Program
- Results and Discussion
-
- References
- Appendix A. Analysis of Domestic Surveillance Samples by Commodity Group in 1997
-
Appendix B. Analysis of Import Surveillance Samples by Commodity Group in 1997
Figures - Summary of Results of Domestic Surveillance Samples by Commodity
- Summary of Results of Import Surveillance Samples by Commodity
- Summary of Results of Domestic vs. Import Surveillance Samples
Tables - Domestic Surveillance Samples Collected and Analyzed, by State, in 1997
- Foreign Countries and Number of Samples Collected and Analyzed in 1997
- Compliance Samples by Commodity Group in 1997
- Pesticides Detectable and Found by Methods Used in 1997 Regulatory Monitoring
- Summary of 1997 Domestic Surveillance Feed Samples
- Residues Found in Feeds in 1997
- Frequency of Occurrence of Pesticide Residues Found in Total Diet Study Foods in 1997
- Frequency of Occurrence of Pesticide Residues Found in Selected Baby Foods in 1997
This is the eleventh annual report summarizing the results of the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) pesticide residue monitoring program. Eight of the ten previous reports were published in the Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists/Journal of AOAC International; these presented results from Fiscal Years (FY) 1987 through 1994. Results from FY 1995 and FY 1996 were published on FDA's World Wide Web site. This current report includes findings obtained during FY 1997 (October 1, 1996 through September 30, 1997) under regulatory and incidence/level monitoring. Selected Total Diet Study findings for 1997 are also presented. Results in this and earlier reports continue to demonstrate that levels of pesticide residues in the U.S. food supply are well below established safety standards.
FDA Monitoring Program
Three federal government agencies share responsibility for the regulation of pesticides. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) registers (i.e., approves) the use of pesticides and sets tolerances (the maximum amount of a residue that is permitted in or on a food) if use of that particular pesticide may result in residues in or on food (1). Except for meat, poultry, and certain egg products, for which the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is responsible, FDA is charged with enforcing tolerances in imported foods and in domestically produced foods shipped in interstate commerce. FDA also acquires incidence/level data on particular commodity/pesticide combinations and carries out its market basket survey, the Total Diet Study. Since 1991, USDA's Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS), through contracts with participating states, has carried out a residue testing program directed at raw agricultural products and various processed foods. FSIS and AMS report their pesticide residue data independently.
Regulatory Monitoring
Under this approach to pesticide residue monitoring, FDA samples individual lots of domestically produced and imported foods and analyzes them for pesticide residues to enforce the tolerances set by EPA. Domestic samples are collected as close as possible to the point of production in the distribution system; import samples are collected at the point of entry into U.S. commerce. Emphasis is on the raw agricultural product, which is analyzed as the unwashed, whole (unpeeled), raw commodity. Processed foods are also included. If illegal residues (above EPA tolerance or no tolerance for that particular food/pesticide combination) are found in domestic samples, FDA can invoke various sanctions, such as a seizure or injunction. For imports, shipments may be stopped at the port of entry when illegal residues are found. "Detention without physical examination" (previously called automatic detention) may be invoked for imports based on the finding of one violative shipment if there is reason to believe that the same situation will exist in future lots during the same shipping season for a specific shipper, grower, geographic area, or country.
Domestic and import food samples collected are classified as either "surveillance" or "compliance". Most samples collected by FDA are the surveillance type; that is, there is no prior knowledge or evidence that a specific food shipment contains illegal pesticide residues. Compliance samples are taken as follow-up to the finding of an illegal residue or when other evidence indicates that a pesticide residue problem may exist.
Factors considered by FDA in planning the types and numbers of samples to collect include review of recently generated state and FDA residue data, regional intelligence on pesticide use, dietary importance of the food, information on the amount of domestic food that enters interstate commerce and of imported food, chemical characteristics and toxicity of the pesticide, and production volume/pesticide usage patterns.
Analytical Methods
To analyze the large numbers of samples whose pesticide treatment history is usually unknown, FDA uses analytical methods capable of simultaneously determining a number of pesticide residues. These multiresidue methods (MRMs) can determine about half of the approximately 400 pesticides with EPA tolerances, and many others that have no tolerances. The most commonly used MRMs can also detect many metabolites, impurities, and alteration products of pesticides (2).
Single residue methods (SRMs) or selective MRMs are used to determine some pesticide residues in foods (2). An SRM usually determines one pesticide; a selective MRM measures a relatively small number of chemically related pesticides. These types of methods are usually more resource-intensive per residue. Therefore, they are much less cost effective than MRMs.
The lower limit of residue measurement in FDA's determination of a specific pesticide is usually well below tolerance levels, which generally range from 0.1 to 50 parts per million (ppm). Residues present at 0.01 ppm and above are usually measurable; however, for individual pesticides, this limit may range from 0.005 to 1 ppm. In this report, the term "trace" is used to indicate residues detected, but at levels below the limit of quantitation (LOQ).
FDA/State Cooperation
Personnel in FDA field offices interact with their counterparts in many states to increase FDA's effectiveness in pesticide residue monitoring. In many cases, Memoranda of Understanding or more formal Partnership Agreements have been established between FDA and various state agencies. These agreements provide for more efficient monitoring by broadening coverage and eliminating duplication of effort, thereby maximizing federal and state resources allocated for pesticide activities. These arrangements vary from data sharing, joint planning, and state collection of samples for FDA examination, to FDA/State division of collection, analytical, and enforcement follow-up responsibilities for individual commodities or products of particular origin (i.e., imported vs. domestic products).
Animal Feeds
In addition to monitoring foods for human consumption, FDA also samples and analyzes domestic and imported feeds for pesticide residues. FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) directs this portion of the Agency's monitoring via its Feed Contaminants Compliance Program. Although animal feeds containing violative pesticide residues may present a potential hazard to a number of different categories of animals (e.g., laboratory animals, pets, wildlife, etc.), the major focus of CVM's monitoring is on feeds for livestock and poultry, animals that ultimately become, or produce, foods for human consumption.
International Activities
FDA participates in several international agreements in an effort to minimize incidents of violative residues and remove trade barriers. A standing request for information from foreign governments on pesticides used on their food exported to the U.S. exists, a provision of the Pesticide Monitoring Improvements Act.
Under the auspices of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the United States, Mexico, and Canada have established a NAFTA Technical Working Group on Pesticides (TWG). The NAFTA Pesticide TWG now serves as the focal point for all pesticide issues that arise among the three NAFTA countries. The TWG reports directly to the NAFTA Sanitary and Phytosanitary Committee.
One of the major goals of the TWG is to ensure that pesticide registrations and tolerances/maximum residue limits in the three countries are harmonized to the extent practical, while strengthening protection of public health and the environment. A number of projects have been undertaken by the TWG to identify differing residue limits in the NAFTA countries and to determine what steps might be taken to harmonize the limits. While this is a difficult process, the TWG envisions eventual movement toward a "North America" pesticide registration and tolerance system so that citizens of all three countries can be assured of the safety and legality of foods produced in any one of the NAFTA countries. FDA's activities on the TWG complement its ongoing bilateral cooperation with its counterparts in Mexico and Canada.
Beyond the North American agreements, FDA continues to collaborate with New Zealand to implement a "residue compliance assurance program." New Zealand, historically having excellent compliance with U.S. pesticide tolerances, is implementing a plan whereby their government would provide assurances that selected commodities exported to the United States would be in full compliance with U.S. tolerances.
Total Diet Study
The Total Diet Study is the other major element of FDA's pesticide residue monitoring program (3). In its previous annual pesticide reports, FDA provided Total Diet Study findings for 1987-1996 (4a, 4b). More detailed information, including estimated dietary intakes of pesticide residues covering June 1984-April 1986 (5) and July 1986-April 1991 (6), has been published. In September 1991, FDA implemented revisions to the Total Diet Study that were formulated in 1990 (7). These revisions primarily consisted of collection and analysis of an updated and expanded number of food items, addition of six age/sex groups (for a total of 14), and revised analytical coverage. Details of that revision are published (8, 9).
In conducting the Total Diet Study, FDA personnel purchase foods from supermarkets or grocery stores four times per year, once from each of four geographic regions of the country. The 261 foods that comprise each market basket represent over 3500 different foods reported in USDA food consumption surveys; for example, apple pie represents all fruit pies and fruit pastries. Each collection is a composite of like foods purchased in three cities in a given region. The foods are prepared table-ready and then analyzed for pesticide residues (as well as radionuclides, industrial chemicals, toxic elements, trace and macro elements, vitamin B6, and folic acid). The levels of pesticides found are used in conjunction with USDA food consumption data to estimate the dietary intakes of the pesticide residues.
Results and Discussion
Regulatory Monitoring
In 1997, 9,843 samples (9,652 surveillance and 191 compliance) were analyzed under regulatory monitoring. Of these, 4,501 were domestic and 5,342 were imports.
Figure 1 shows the percentage of the 4,429 domestic surveillance samples by commodity group with no residues found, nonviolative residues found, and violative residues found. (A violative residue is defined in this report as a residue which exceeds a tolerance or a residue at a level of regulatory significance for which no tolerance has been established in the sampled food.)
As in earlier years, fruits and vegetables accounted for the largest proportion of the commodities analyzed in 1997; those two commodity groups comprised 65% of the total number of domestic surveillance samples. In 1997, no violative residues were found in 98.8% of all domestic surveillance samples (98.7% in 1995 and 99.1% in 1996).
Appendix A contains more detailed data on domestic surveillance monitoring findings by commodity, including the total number of samples analyzed, the percent samples with no residues found, and the percent violative samples. Of the 4,429 domestic surveillance samples, 66.0% had no detectable residues and 1.24% had violative residues. In the largest commodity groups, fruits and vegetables, 44.1% and 69.1% of the samples, respectively, had no residues detected. 1.2% of the fruit samples and 2.4% of the vegetable samples contained violative residues (Figure 1). In the milk/dairy products/eggs group, 97.0% of the samples had no residues detected, and no violative residues were found. Fifty-one samples of baby foods or formula were analyzed (see category Other). This included 17 vegetable, 12 cereal, 18 fruit juice, and 4 formula samples. None of the samples had violative residues.
Findings by commodity group for the 5,223 import surveillance samples are shown in Figure 2. Fruits and vegetables accounted for 84.1% of these samples. Overall, no violative residues were found in 98.4% of the import surveillance samples (96.8% in 1995 and 97.4% in 1996).
Appendix B contains detailed data on the import surveillance samples. Of the 5,223 samples analyzed, 66.1% had no residues detected, and less than 2% had violative residues. Fruits and vegetables had 60.6 and 63.0%, respectively, with no residues detected. The fruit group and the vegetable group had 1.2 and 2.1%, respectively, with violative residues. No residues were found in 89.4% of the dairy products/eggs group and 96.7% of the fish/shellfish group, and no violative residues were found in either of those groups.
Pesticide monitoring data collected under FDA's regulatory monitoring approach in 1997 are available to the public as a computer database. This database summarizes FDA 1997 regulatory monitoring coverage and findings by country/commodity/pesticide combination. The database also includes the monitoring data by individual sample from which the summary information was compiled. Information on how to obtain this database as well as those for 19921996 is provided at the end of this report.
Geographic Coverage
Domestic. In 1997, the 4,429 domestic surveillance samples were collected from all 50 states, Puerto Rico and American Samoa. The largest numbers of samples were collected from those states that are the largest producers of fruits and vegetables. Table 1 lists numbers of domestic surveillance samples from each location, in order of descending numbers of samples.
Import. Samples representing food shipments from 97 countries were collected. (Origin of some additional samples was unspecified.) Table 2 lists numbers of samples (surveillance and compliance) collected from each country. Mexico, as usual, was the source of the largest number of samples, reflecting the volume and diversity of commodities imported from that country, especially during the winter months.
Surveillance/Compliance Violation Rate Comparison
In 1997, 72 domestic and 119 import compliance samples were collected and analyzed (Table 3). Because compliance samples are collected when a pesticide residue problem is known or suspected, violation rates are expectedly higher than those for surveillance samples: 6.9% for domestic (7.8% in 1996) and 10.1% for imports (11.5% in 1996). The corresponding violation rates for surveillance samples were 1.2% for domestic and 1.6% for imports.
Most of the 1997 compliance samples were collected as follow-up to violative surveillance samples. These included follow-up samples from the same shipment as the violative surveillance sample, follow-up samples of the same commodity from the same grower or shipper, and audit samples from shipments presented for entry into the United States with a certificate of analysis (i.e., shipments subject to detention without physical examination).
Pesticide Coverage
Table 4 lists the 366 pesticides that were detectable by the methods used; each of the 91 pesticides that were actually found is indicated by an asterisk.
FDA conducts ongoing research to expand the pesticide coverage of its monitoring program. This research includes testing the behavior of new or previously untested pesticides through existing analytical methods, and development of new methods to cover pesticides that cannot be determined by methods currently used by FDA. The research encompasses both U.S.-registered pesticides and foreign-use pesticides that are not registered in the United States. The list of pesticides detectable for 1997 (Table 4) reflects the addition of a number of pesticides whose recovery through the analytical methods used was demonstrated as a result of ongoing research.
Animal Feeds
In FY'97, 460 domestic and 42 import feed samples were collected for surveillance purposes and analyzed for pesticides by the FDA. Of the 460 domestic surveillance samples, 286 (62.2%) contained no detectable pesticide residues and 1 (0.2%) contained residues which exceeded regulatory guidance (Table 5). Of the 42 import surveillance samples, 24 (57.1%) contained no detectable pesticide residues and 1 (2.4%) contained residues which exceeded regulatory guidance.
A domestic sample of sudan hay contained 0.170 ppm of endosulfan sulfate and an imported sample of canola fines contained 0.033 ppm of malathion. These two samples were considered to have exceeded regulatory guidance because there are no tolerances established for these pesticide/commodity combinations.
In the 174 domestic surveillance samples of feed in which one or more pesticides were detected, there were 259 residues (193 quantifiable and 66 trace). Malathion, chlorpyrifos-methyl, and diazinon were the most frequently found and accounted for 71.4% of all residues detected (Table 6).
Summary: Regulatory Monitoring
In summary, no residues were found in 66% of both domestic and import surveillance samples (Figure 3) analyzed under FDA's regulatory monitoring approach in 1997. Only 1.2% of domestic and 1.6% of import surveillance samples had residue levels that were violative. The findings for 1997 demonstrate that pesticide residue levels in foods are generally well below EPA tolerances, corroborating results presented in earlier reports (4a, 4b). Animal feed samples (460 domestic, 42 import) were analyzed. Over 62% of the domestic surveillance samples and over 52% of the import surveillance samples contained no residues.
Total Diet Study
The Total Diet Study (TDS) is unique in that it determines pesticide residues in foods prepared for consumption (3). Of the nearly 200 chemicals that are validated for the analytical methods used, 104 individual residues were found in the foods analyzed in the four collections reported here (Market Baskets 96-3, 96-4, 97-1, and 97-2). Among these were 53 pesticides, including 13 which represent more than one related compound counted as a "total", 18 volatile organic compounds for which TDS foods are now being examined, and 10 other organic compounds. To measure the low levels of pesticides found in the TDS foods, the analytical methods used are modified to permit measurement at levels 5-10 times lower than those normally used in regulatory monitoring. In general, residues present at or above 1 part per billion can be measured.
Table 7 lists the 23 most frequently found residues (those found in >2% of the samples), the total number of findings, and the percent occurrence in the four market baskets analyzed in 1997(1036 food items). The three most frequently observed chemicals, DDT, chlorpyrifos-methyl, and malathion, are the same as those observed for the past several years. The levels of these pesticides, as well as the others listed in Table 7, were well below regulatory limits.
Information obtained through the TDS is used to estimate dietary intakes of pesticides; these intakes are then compared with established standards. Food consumption data to be used in estimating dietary intakes for the revised food list have only recently been finalized. Therefore, dietary intake information for the market baskets collected since 1991 will be reported separately.
For several years, FDA has collected and analyzed a number of baby foods in addition to those covered under TDS. This adjunct to TDS now includes 22 different food items (13 fruit juices or fruits, 4 fruit desserts, 4 grain products, and 1 vegetable). Table 8 lists the 21 pesticide residues found in four collections of these foods (88 samples total) in 1997, the percentage occurrence, and ranges of levels found.
Summary: Total Diet Study
In 1997, the types of pesticide residues found and their frequency of occurrence in TDS were generally consistent with those given in previous FDA reports (4a, 4b). The pesticide residue levels found were well below regulatory standards. An adjunct survey of baby foods in 1991-1997 also provided evidence of only small amounts of pesticide residues in those foods.
Summary
A total of 9,843 samples of domestically produced food and imported food from 97 countries was analyzed for pesticide residues in 1997. Of these, 9,652 were surveillance samples, which are collected when there is no evidence of a pesticide problem. No residues were found in 66% of both domestic surveillance and import surveillance samples. The higher violation rates in the 191 compliance samples reflect the fact that they are collected and analyzed when a pesticide problem is suspected.
FDA collected and analyzed animal feed samples (460 domestic, 42 import) for pesticides. Over 62% of the domestic surveillance samples and over 52% of the import surveillance samples contained no residues.
Most of the Total Diet Study findings for 1997 were generally similar to those found in earlier periods; details of findings will be published separately. An adjunct survey of baby foods in 1991-1997 also provided evidence of only small amounts of pesticide residues in those foods.
This report was compiled through the efforts of the following FDA personnel: Bernadette M. McMahon, Mark S. Wirtz, and Charles H. Parfitt (Division of Pesticides and Industrial Chemicals), Young H. Lee (Division of Programs and Enforcement Policy), Office of Plant and Dairy Foods and Beverages; Sharon A. Macuci (Division of Information Resources Management), Office of Management Systems, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Washington, DC., Randall Lovell, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Rockville, MD, Sheila K. Egan and David Graham, Kansas City District, Lenexa, KS.
The database containing the data from which this report was derived is also available from FDA's World Wide Web site. The 1996 report and database are available at the same site. FDA pesticide monitoring data collected under the regulatory monitoring approach in 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1995 are available for purchase on personal computer diskettes from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161 (telephone 703-487-4650); order numbers are: 1992, PB94-500899; 1993, PB94-501681; 1994, PB95-503132; and 1995, PB96-503156.
References
(1) Code of Federal Regulations (1996) Title 40, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, Parts 180, 185, and 186.
(2) Pesticide Analytical Manual Volume I (3rd Ed., 1994 and subsequent revisions) and Volume II (1971 and subsequent revisions), Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC (available from National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161).
(3) Pennington, J.A.T., Capar, S.G., Parfitt, C.H., & Edwards, C.W. (1996) History of the Food and Drug Administration's Total Diet Study (Part II), 1987-1993. J. AOAC Int. 79, 163-170.
(4a) Food and Drug Administration (1995) Food and Drug Administration pesticide program - residue monitoring - 1994. J. AOAC Int. 78, 117A-143A (and earlier reports in the series).
(4b) Food and Drug Administration (1996) Food and Drug Administration pesticide program - residue monitoring - 1995, 1996. Available from FDA's World Wide Web site at http://www.cfsan.fda.gov.
(5) Gunderson, E.L. (1995) Dietary intakes of pesticides, selected elements, and other chemicals: FDA Total Diet Study, June 1984-April 1986. J. AOAC Int. 78, 910-921.
(6) Gunderson, E.L. (1995) FDA Total Diet Study, July 1986-April 1991, dietary intakes of pesticides, selected elements, and other chemicals. J. AOAC Int. 78, 1353- 1363.
(7) Pennington, J.A.T. (1992) Total Diet Studies: the identification of core foods in the United States food supply. Food Addit. Contam. 9, 253-264.
(8) Pennington, J.A.T. (1992) The 1990 revision of the FDA Total Diet Study. J. Nutr. Educ. 24, 173-178.
(9) Pennington, J.A.T. (1992) Appendices for the 1990 revision of the Food and Drug Administration's Total Diet Study. PB92-176239/AS, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161.
Figure 1.
Summary of Results of Domestic Surveillance Samples by Commodity
Figure 2.
Summary of Results of Import Surveillance Samples by Commodity
Figure 3.
Summary of Results of Domestic vs. Import Surveillance Samples
Table 1.
Domestic Surveillance Samples Collected
and Analyzed, by Statea, in 1997CA 632
PA 41
FL 514
SD 41
WA 388
AR 34
NY 273
SC 34
VA 203
CO 32
LA 198
TN 31
AZ 149
IA 28
IL 144
UT 27
OR 141
AL 26
MO 139
DE 25
ID 130
NE 25
MA 129
KY 21
WI 113
NM 21
TX 96
OK 20
MN 93
WY 17
GA 63
WV 13
MI 62
IN 11
NJ 62
AK 10
MD 59
RI 7
OH 57
ME 6
MT 56
NH 6
KS 46
HI 5
ND 45
NV 4
NC 44
CT 3
MS 42
VT 1
a Other domestic samples: Puerto Rico, 52 samples; American Samoa, 10 samples . Table 2.
Foreign Countries and Number of Samplesa
Collected and Analyzed in 1997Mexico 2056
Israel 44
Chile 314
Argentina 43
China, Peoples Rep. 207
Honduras 40
Guatemala 190
Belgium 39
Thailand 185
Unspecified 39
Canada 164
South Africa 38
Ecuador 162
Philippines 35
Italy 143
Greece 34
Netherlands (Holland 142
Jamaica 34
Spain (inc. Canary Islands) 130
Brazil 28
India 117
Indonesia 26
Colombia 110
Viet-Nam, Rep. Of 25
Costa Rica 106
United Kingdom 24
Dominican Republic 92
Japan 18
Turkey 74
El Salvador 17
Taiwan, Republic Of 71
Germany, Federal Rep 16
New Zealand 66
Pakistan 16
Korea, Rep. Of (South Korea) 60
Hong Kong 14
Panama 60
Egypt 13
Peru 56
Poland 13
France 51
Denmark 11
Australia 48
Ten or fewer samples collected from the following:
Austria
Bahamas
Bangladesh
Belize
Bolivia
Br. Virgin Is.
Bulgaria
Burma (Myanmar)
Congo
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Estonia
Ethiopia
Fiji
Finland
Ghana
Greenland
Grenada
Guadeloupe
Guyana
Haiti
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Korea, Dem. Peoples
Lebanon
Macedonia
Malawi
Malaysia
Moldova (Moldavia)
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Norway
Oman (Muscat)
Portugal (inc. Azores)
Russia
Singapore
Slovenia
St. Lucia
Sweden
Switzerland
Trinidad & Tobago
Tunisia
Ukraine
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Venezuela
Yugoslavia
Zambiaa Surveillance plus compliance samples. Table 3.
Compliance Samples by Commodity Group in 1997
Commodity GroupTotal No.
of SamplesSamples without
Residues, %Samples
Violative, %Domestic
Grains and Grain Products 3
66.7
0.0
Milk/Dairy Products/Eggs 7
85.7
0.0
Fish/Shellfish 3
33.3
0.0
Fruits 6
0.0
0.0
Vegetables 45
31.1
11.1
Other 8
87.5
0.0
Total 72
41.7
6.9
Import
Grains and Grain Products 15
66.7
0.0
Milk/Dairy Products/Eggs 2
100.0
0.0
Fish/Shellfish 3
100.0
0.0
Fruits 18
55.6
11.1
Vegetables 64
51.6
15.6
Other 17
76.5
0.0
Total 119
59.7
10.1
Table 4.
Pesticides Detectable and Found (*)
by Methods Used in 1997 Regulatory Monitoringa,b2,4-dichloro-6-nitrobenzenamine
4(phenylamino)phenol*
acephate*
acetochlor
acrinathrin
alachlor
aldicarb*
aldrin
allethrin
allidochlor
alpha-cypermethrin
ametryn
aminocarb
amitraz
anilazine
Aramite
atrazine*
azinphos-ethyl
azinphos-methyl*
bendiocarb
benfluralin
benodanil
benomyl/carbendazimc
benoxacor
bensulide
benzoylprop-ethyl
6-benzyladenine
BHC*
bifenox
bifenthrin*
binapacryl
biphenyl*
bitertanol
bromacil
bromophos
bromophos-ethyl
bromopropylate
bromoxynil
bromuconazole
bufencarb
Bulan
bupirimate
butachlor
butralin
butylate
cadusafos
captafol
captan*
carbaryl*
carbofuran
carbophenothion
carbosulfan
carboxin
carfentrazone ethyl ester
chlorbenside
chlorbromuron
chlorbufam
chlordane*
chlordecone
chlordimeform*
chlorethoxyfos
chlorfenapyr
chlorfenvinphos
chlorflurecol methyl ester
chlorimuron ethyl ester
chlornitrofen
chlorobenzilate
3-chloro-5-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole
chloroneb
chloropicrin
chloropropylate
chlorothalonil*
chloroxuron
chlorpropham*
chlorpyrifos*
chlorpyrifos-methyl*
chlorthiophos
clomazone
coumaphos
crotoxyphos
crufomate
cyanazine
cyanofenphos
cyanophos
cycloate
cycluron
cyfluthrin
cymoxanil
cypermethrin*
cyprazine
cyproconazole
cyprodinil
DCPA*
DDT*
deltamethrin
deltamethrin, trans
demeton*
desmetryn
dialifor
di-allate
N,N-diallyl-dichloroacetamide
diazinon*
dichlobenil
dichlofenthion
dichlofluanid*
dichlone
4-(dichloroacetyl)-1-oxa-4-azapiro[4.5]decane
2,6-dichlorobenzamide
dichlorvos*
diclobutrazol
diclofop-methyl
dicloran*
dicofol*
dicrotophos
dieldrin*
diethatyl-ethyl
Dilan
dimethachlor
dimethametryn
dimethipin
dimethoate*
dinitramine
dinobuton
dinocap
dioxabenzofos
dioxacarb
dioxathion
diphenamid
diphenylamine*
dipropetryn
disulfoton*
diuron
edifenphos
endosulfan*
endrin*
EPN
esfenvalerate*
etaconazole
ethalfluralin
ethephon
ethiofencarb
ethion*
ethofumesate
ethoprop
ethoxyquin*
ethylenebisdithiocarbamates*d
etridiazole
etrimfos*
famphur
fenamiphos
fenarimol
fenbuconazole
fenfuram
fenitrothion
fenoxaprop ethyl ester
fenoxycarb
fenpropathrin*
fenpropimorph
fenson
fensulfothion
fenthion
fenvalerate*
fipronil
flamprop-M-isopropyl
flamprop-methyl
fluazifop butyl ester
fluchloralin
flucythrinate
fludioxinil
flusilazole
fluvalinate*
folpet*
fonofos
formothion
fosthiazate
fuberidazole
furilazole
Gardona
heptachlor*
heptenophos
hexachlorobenzene*
hexaconazole
hexazinonehexythiazox
imazalil*
imazamethabenz methyl ester
iprobenfos
iprodione*
iprodione metabolite isomer*
isazofos
isocarbamid
isofenphos
isoprocarb
isopropalin
isoprothiolane
isoxaben
isoxaflutole
lactofen
lambda-cyhalothrin
lenacil
leptophos
lindane*
linuron*
malathion*
mecarbam*
mephosfolan
merphos
metalaxyl*
metaldehyde*
metasystox thiol
metazachlor
methabenzthiazuron
methamidophos*
methidathion*
methiocarb*
methomyl*
methoprotryne
methoxychlor*
2-methoxy-5,6-trichloropyridine
methyl chloride*
metobromuron
metolachlor
metolcarb
metribuzin
mevinphos*
MGK 264
mirex
molinate
monocrotophos*
monolinuron
monuron
myclobutanil*
naled*
napropamide
naptalam*
neburon
nitralin
nitrapyrin
nitrofen
nitrofluorfen
nitrothal-isopropyl
norea
norflurazon
nuarimol
octhilinone
ofurace
omethoate*
ovex
oxadiazon
oxadixyl
oxamyl*
oxydemeton-methyl
oxyfluorfen
oxythioquinox
paclobutrazol
paraquat
parathion*
parathion-methyl*
pebulate
penconazole
pendimethalin
pentachlorobenzene*
pentachlorobenzonitrile
pentachlorophenyl methyl ether*
permethrin*
Perthane
phenmedipham*
phenothrin
phenthoate
phenylphenol, ortho-*
phorate*
phosalone*
phosmet*
phosphamidon*
phoxim oxygen analog
piperonyl butoxide
piperophos
pirimicarb
pirimiphos-ethyl
pirimiphos-methyl*
pretilachlor
probenazole
prochloraz
procyazine
procymidone*
prodiamine
profenofos
profluralin
Prolan
promecarb
prometryn
pronamide
propachlor
propanil
propargite*
propazine
propetamphos
propham
propiconazole
propoxur*
prothiofos
prothoate
pyracarbolid
pyrazon
pyrazophos*
pyrethrins
pyridaphenthion
pyrimethanil
pyriproxyfen
quinalphos*
quintozene*
quizalofop ethyl ester
ronnel
S-bioallethrin
schradan
secbumeton
simazine*
simetryn
Strobane
sulfallate
sulfotep*
Sulphenone
sulprofos
TCMTB
tebuconazole
tebupirimfos
tecnazene
tefluthrin
TEPP
terbacil
terbufos
terbumeton
terbuthylazine
terbutryn
tetradifon
tetraiodoethylene
tetrasul
thiabendazole*
thiazopyr
thiodicarb
thiometon
thionazin
thiophanate-methyl
THPI*
tolylfluanid
toxaphene
tralomethrin
traloxydim
triadimefon*
triadimenol*
tri-allate
triazamate
triazophos
tribufos*
trichlorfon
tricyclazole
tridiphane
trietazine
triflumizole
trifluralin*
triflusulfuron methyl ester
trimethacarb
vamidothion sulfone
vernolate
vinclozolin*
XMC
a The list of pesticides detectable is expressed in terms of the parent pesticide. However, monitoring coverage and findings may have included metabolites, impurities, and alteration products. b Some of these pesticides are no longer manufactured or registered for use in the United States. c The analytical methodology determines carbendazim, which may result from use of benomyl or carbendazim. d Such as maneb. Table 5.
Summary of 1997 Domestic Surveillance Feed SamplesTotal # Without residues Exceeding Guidance Type of Feed Samples #
%
#
%
Whole/Ground Grains 167
118
70.7
0
0.0
Mixed Feed Rations 102
40
39.2
0
0.0
Animal By-products 91
62
68.1
0
0.0
Plant By-products 80
50
62.5
0
0.0
Hay & Hay Products 19
15
78.9
1
5.3
Minerals/Supplements 1
1
100.0
0
0.0
Total 460
286
62.2
1
0.2
Table 6.
Residues Found in Feeds in 1997No. of Samples with
PesticideTrace
AmountaQuantifiable
LevelsRangeb
(ppm)Medianb
(ppm)malathion
25
81
0.010-3.180
0.060
chlorpyrifos-methyl
8
38
0.010-2.420
0.064
diazinon
6
27
0.010-0.160
0.030
DEF
2
13
0.050-0.600
0.115
chlorpyrifos
7
4
0.012-0.434
0.064
parathion
1
7
0.020-0.440
0.135
methoxychlor
3
5
0.017-0.145
0.025
ethion
3
3
0.029-0.110
0.080
all othersc
11
15
0.010-235.0d
0.075
a residue found is below that normally quantifiable, but its presence and identity are known.
b in samples containing quantifiable levels.
c DDE/DDT/TDE, n=4; pirimiphos-methyl, lindane, and tris(chloropropyl)phosphate, n=3 each; ethoxyquin and Gardona, n=2 each; chlordane, dieldrin, diphenyl 2-ethylhexyl phosphate, endosulfan sulfate, methamidophos, permethrin, phosmet, quintozene and tri-allate, n=1 each.
d the 235.0 ppm value was ethoxyquin in brewers grain. Ethoxyquin is approved as a pesticide (plant regulator) at levels up to 3 ppm (40 CFR 180.178). Ethoxyquin is also a feed additive (anti-oxidant) that is approved at levels up to 150 ppm in a finished article (21 CFR 573.380). Levels above 150 ppm are allowed in individual components of the diet provided the directions for use ensure the proper concentration in the finished article. The next highest value within the range for "all others" was 1.48 ppm.
Table 7.
Frequency of Occurrence of Pesticide Residues
Found in Total Diet Study Foods in 1997aPesticideb
Total No. of Findings
Occurrence, %
DDT
244
24
chlorpyrifos-methyl
165
16
malathion
161
16
endosulfan
147
14
dieldrin
127
12
chlorpropham
85
8
chlorpyrifos
79
8
iprodione
62
6
permethrin
45
4
thiabendazolec
36
3
dicloran
35
3
methamidophos
31
3
carbaryld
30
2.9
dimethoate
29
2.8
hexachlorobenzene
27
2.6
methoxychlor
26
2.5
BHC (alpha+beta+delta)
24
2.3
pirimiphos-methyl
24
2.3
lindane
23
2.2
acephate
21
2.0
azinphos-methyl
21
2.0
omethoate
21
2.0
toxaphene
21
2.0
a Based on 4 market baskets analyzed in 1997 consisting of 259 items each (1036 total). Only those found in >2% of the samples are shown.
b Isomers, metabolites, and related compounds are not listed separately; they are covered under the "parent" pesticide from which they arise.
c Reflects overall incidence; however, only 66 selected foods per market basket (i.e., 264 items total) were analyzed for the benzimidazole fungicides thiabendazole and benomyl.
d Reflects overall incidence; however, only 94 selected foods per market basket (i.e., 376 items total) were analyzed for N-methylcarbamates.
Table 8.
Frequency of Occurrence of Pesticide Residues
Found in Selected Baby Foods in 1997a
Pesticideb Total No. of Findings
Occurrence, %
Range, ppm
iprodione 19
22
0.0007-0.073
permethrin 12
14
0.0011-0.072
chlorpyrifos 11
13
0.0003-0.006
endosulfan 11
13
0.0004-0.0145
malathion 9
10
0.001-0.035
carbarylc 8
9
0.004-0.025
chlorpyrifos-methyl 7
8
0.001-0.032
dimethoate 7
8
0.0008-0.006
thiabendazoled 6
7
0.034-0.329
ethylenethioureae 4
5
0.005-0.010
propargitef 4
5
0.021-0.070
benomyld 3
3
0.035-0.055
phosmet 3
3
0.003-0.005
propiconazole 3
3
0.003-0.052
dieldrin 2
2.3
0.0004-0.001
fenarimol 2
2.3
0.0003-0.0008
omethoate 2
2.3
0.003-0.005
dicloran 1
1.1
0.001
heptachlor 1
1.1
0.0005
methoxychlor 1
1.1
0.0003
parathion-methyl 1
1.1
0.001
a Based on 4 collections consisting of 88 total items.
b Isomers, metabolites, and related compounds are not listed separately; they are covered under the "parent" pesticide from which they arise. c Reflects overall incidence; however, only 16 selected foods per collection (i.e., 64 items total) were analyzed for N- methylcarbamates. d Reflects overall incidence; however, only 15 selected items (i.e., 60 items total) were analyzed for the benzimidazole fungicides (thiabendazole and benomyl). e Reflects overall incidence; however, only 13 selected items (i.e., 52 items total) were analyzed for ethylenethiourea. f Reflects overall incidence; however, only 16 selected foods per collection (i.e., 64 items total) were analyzed for this sulfur-containing compound. Appendix A.
Analysis of Domestic Surveillance Samples
by Commodity Group in 1997
Commodity GroupTotal
SamplesSamples without
Residues, %Samples
Violativea, %# over
tolerance# no
toleranceA. Grains and Grain Products Corn & corn products 32 50.0 0.0 Oats & oat products 22
77.3
0.0
Rice & rice products 79
92.4
0.0
Soybeans & soybean products 18
83.3
0.0
Wheat & wheat products 198
37.4
0.0
Other grains & grain products 24
79.2
0.0
Breakfast cereals 18
94.4
0.0
Bakery products, crackers, etc. 6
83.3
0.0
Total 397
59.5
0.0
B. Milk/Dairy Products/Eggs Cheese & cheese products 91
96.7
0.0
Eggs 138
100.0
0.0
Milk/cream & milk products 399
96.0
0.0
Total 628
97.0
0.0
C. Fish/Shellfish Fish & Fish Products 258
58.1
0.0
Shellfish & Crustaceans 109
90.8
0.0
Other Aquatic Animals & Products 2
100.0
0.0
Total 369
68.0
0.0
D. Fruits Blackberries 6
66.7
0.0
Blueberries 35
74.3
0.0
Cranberries 5
20.0
0.0
Grapes, raisins 26
50.0
0.0
Raspberries 21
23.8
0.0
Strawberries 79
15.2
7.6
2
4
Other berries 1
100.0
0.0
Grapefruit 18
38.9
0.0
Lemons 13
69.2
0.0
Oranges 147
38.8
0.7
1
Other citrus fruit 9
22.2
0.0
Apples 193
34.7
0.5
1
Pears 88
42.0
3.4
3
Apricots 3
0.0
0.0
Avocadoes 1
100.0
0.0
Cherries 62
24.2
0.0
Nectarines 13
15.4
0.0
Peaches 161
29.2
1.2
1
1
Plums 6
66.7
0.0
Bananas, plantains 7
42.9
0.0
Kiwi fruit 3
100.0
0.0
Mangoes 4
75.0
0.0
Cantaloupe 64
73.4
1.6
1
Honeydew 9
55.6
0.0
Watermelon 41
85.4
0.0
Other melons 4
25.0
0.0
Apple juice 95
65.3
0.0
Citrus juice 31
93.5
0.0
Other fruit juices 10
90.0
0.0
Fruit jams/jellies/
pastes/toppings16
56.2
0.0
Total 1171
44.1
1.2
E. Vegetables Corn 89
100.0
0.0
Mung beans and bean sprouts 4
100.0
0.0
Peas (green/snow/sugar/sweet) 97
81.4
1.0
1
String beans (green/snap/pole/long) 161
64.6
1.2
1
1
Other beans & peas & products 74
93.2
0.0
Cucumbers 66
69.7
3.0
1b
1
Eggplant 23
73.9
4.3
1
Okra 2
100.0
0.0
Peppers, hot 12
50.0
8.3
1
Peppers, sweet 85
57.6
0.0
Squash/pumpkins 112
74.1
1.8
2
Tomatoes 143
67.8
0.0
Other fruiting vegetables 2
100.0
0.0
Artichokes 2
100.0
0.0
Asparagus 32
100.0
0.0
Bok choy & Chinese cabbage 19
36.8
21.1
4
Broccoli 23
78.3
0.0
Cabbage 68
83.8
0.0
Cauliflower 12
75.0
0.0
Celery 21
0.0
4.8
1
Collards 17
58.8
11.8
1
1
Endive 11
27.3
27.3
3
Kale 8
50.0
0.0
Lettuce, head 60
46.7
5.0
2
1
Lettuce, leaf 66
33.3
4.5
1
2
Mustard greens 12
50.0
16.7
1
1
Spinach 34
35.3
11.8
2
2
Other leaf & stem vegetables 19
84.2
10.5
2
Mushrooms & Truffles 8
75.0
0.0
Carrots 116
64.7
1.7
1
1
Cassava 1
0.0
0.0
Onions/leeks/scallions/shallots 32
87.5
0.0
Potatoes 152
61.2
1.3
2
Radishes 12
91.7
0.0
Red beets 18
72.2
11.1
2
Sweet potatoes 33
81.8
3.0
1
Other root & tuber vegetables 12
83.3
0.0
Vegetables with sauce 8
100.0
0.0
Vegetables, dried or paste 28
96.4
3.6
1
Other vegetables/vegetable products 13
69.2
0.0
Total 1707
69.1
2.4
F. Other Peanuts & peanut products 41
78.0
0.0
Other nuts & nut products 1
100.0
0.0
Edible seeds 1
100.0
0.0
Vegetable oil, crude 10
100.0
0.0
Vegetable oil, refined 3
100.0
0.0
Spices & condiments & flavors 11
90.9
0.0
Beverage bases 23
56.5
0.0
Honey & other sweeteners 9
88.9
0.0
Baby foods/formula 51
92.2
0.0
Other food products,
incl. prepared foods
6
66.7
0.0
Nonfood items 1
100.0
0.0
Total 157
82.8
0.0
A-F Total
4429
66.0
1.2
a Includes samples with residues over tolerance or action level and samples with residues with no tolerance. b Residue in sample exceeded an action level rather than a tolerance. Appendix B
Analysis of Import Surveillance Samples
by Commodity Group in 1997
Commodity GroupTotal
SamplesSamples without
Residues, %Samples
Violativea, %# over
tolerance# no
toleranceA. Grains and Grain Products Corn & corn products 5
80.0
0.0
Oats & oat products 3
100.0
0.0
Rice & rice products 88
88.6
0.0
Soybeans & soybean products 4
100.0
0.0
Wheat & wheat products 26
73.1
0.0
Other grains & grain products 24
62.5
12.5
3
Breakfast cereals 9
100.0
0.0
Bakery products, crackers, etc. 25
84.0
0.0
Pasta and noodles 138
89.9
0.0
Total 322
86.0
0.9
B. Milk/Dairy Products/Eggs Butter 1
100.0
0.0
Cheese & cheese products 61
93.4
0.0
Eggs 20
75.0
0.0
Milk/cream & milk products 3
100.0
0.0
Total 85
89.4
0.0
C. Fish/Shellfish Fish & Fish Products 128
93.0
0.0
Shellfish & Crustaceans 26
96.2
0.0
Other Aquatic Animals & Products 4
100.0
0.0
Total 158
93.7
0.0
D. Fruits Blackberries 59
32.2
3.4
2
Blueberries 15
60.0
0.0
Cranberries 4
75.0
0.0
Grapes, raisins 139
46.8
0.7
1
Raspberries 105
26.7
1.9
2
Strawberries 38
18.4
0.0
Other berries 7
71.4
0.0
Clementines 5
20.0
0.0
Grapefruit 6
100.0
0.0
Lemons 12
75.0
0.0
Limes 61
82.0
0.0
Oranges 46
84.8
0.0
Other citrus fruit 8
62.5
12.5
1
Apples 58
24.1
1.7
1
Pears 88
43.2
0.0
Other pome fruit 12
91.7
0.0
Apricots 3
33.3
0.0
Avocadoes 21
100.0
0.0
Cherries 8
37.5
0.0
Dates 4
100.0
0.0
Nectarines 10
50.0
0.0
Olives 56
87.5
0.0
Peaches 33
57.6
3.0
1
Plums 15
60.0
0.0
Other pit fruit 7
71.4
14.3
1
Bananas, plantains 359
55.4
0.0
Guavas 3
66.7
0.0
Kiwi fruit 25
64.0
4.0
1
Mangoes 71
91.5
0.0
Papaya 65
67.7
3.1
2
Pineapple 96
78.1
0.0
Other sub-tropical fruit 80
87.5
7.5
6
Cantaloupe 80
21.2
1.2
1
Honeydew 75
28.0
5.3
4
Watermelon 45
68.9
0.0
Other melons 33
36.4
0.0
Other fruits 7
100.0
0.0
Apple juice 33
87.9
0.0
Citrus juice 15
100.0
0.0
Other fruit juices 93
91.4
1.1
1
Fruit jams/jellies/
pastes/toppings134
88.8
0.8
1
Total 2034
60.6
1.2
E. Vegetables Corn 28
92.9
0.0
Mung beans and bean sprouts 14
100.0
0.0
Peas (green/snow/sugar/sweet) 74
64.9
8.1
1
5
String beans (green/snap/pole/long) 83
31.3
8.4
1
6
Other beans & peas & products 89
83.2
2.2
1b
1
Cucumbers 94
35.1
2.1
2
Eggplant 25
48.0
0.0
Okra 32
87.5
0.0
Peppers, hot 216
43.1
5.1
2
9
Peppers, sweet 212
59.4
0.5
1
Squash/pumpkins 148
35.1
0.7
1
Tomatoes 325
49.9
0.3
1
Other fruiting vegetables 65
67.7
4.6
3
Artichokes 29
93.1
0.0
Asparagus 89
92.1
1.1
1
Bamboo shoots 16
100.0
0.0
Bok choy & Chinese cabbage 16
62.5
0.0
Broccoli 43
83.7
0.0
Cabbage 15
66.7
0.0
Cauliflower 8
75.0
0.0
Celery 14
28.6
0.0
Endive 4
100.0
0.0
Kale 15
46.7
6.7
1
Lettuce, head 12
41.7
0.0
Lettuce, leaf 27
55.6
0.0
Mustard greens 2
50.0
0.0
Radicchio 9
100.0
0.0
Spinach 20
50.0
0.0
Other leaf & stem vegetables 66
59.1
1.5
1
Mushrooms & mushroom products 68
95.6
0.0
Carrots 49
75.5
2.0
1
Cassava 24
100.0
0.0
Onions/leeks/scallions/shallots 75
73.3
1.3
1
Potatoes 20
95.0
0.0
Radishes 9
44.4
0.0
Red beets 9
44.4
0.0
Sweet potatoes 22
95.5
0.0
Water chestnuts 34
97.1
2.9
1
Other root & tuber vegetables 43
86.0
4.7
2
Vegetables with sauce 14
85.7
0.0
Vegetables, dried or paste 145
77.2
5.5
3b
5
Other vegetables/vegetable products 54
79.6
0.0
Total 2356
63.0
2.1
F. Other Almonds & almond products 1
100.0
0.0
Cashews 25
92.0
0.0
Coconut & coconut products 15
100.0
0.0
Peanuts & peanut products 23
65.2
0.0
Other nuts & nut products 23
95.7
0.0
Edible seeds 17
82.3
17.6
3
Vegetable oil, crude 5
60.0
0.0
Vegetable oil, refined 14
100.0
0.0
Spices & condiments & flavors 23
69.6
13.0
3
Beverages & water 28
100.0
0.0
Beverage bases 25
92.0
4.0
1
Coffee/tea/wine 3
66.7
0.0
Cocoa beans & chocolate products 4
100.0
0.0
Honey & other sweeteners 35
88.6
0.0
Baby foods/formula 1
0.0
0.0
Other food products,
incl. prepared foods17
94.1
0.0
Nonfood items 9
55.6
0.0
Total 268
86.6
2.6
A-F Total
5223
66.0
1.6
a Includes samples with residues over tolerance or action level and samples with residues with no tolerance. b Residue in sample exceeded an action level rather than a tolerance. Hypertext updated by bwm/ear on 1998-AUG-28