Counterfeit Drug Task Force Report October 2003 - APPENDIX A: TABLE OF ANTI-COUNTERFEITING MEASURES

Features	Type	Description	Benefits
Overt Security Features
Substrate
Conventional	overt, tactile	Cotton & linen fibers; no UV fluorescence	Recognizable tactile properties (feel)
Alternate
Laminate (paper-plastic blend)	overt, tactile	Synthetic & natural fibers	Retains some paper tactile properties
Synthetic	overt	Polymeric material	Increased durability & circulation life.
Watermark
Registered	overt	Overall pattern not registered to a specific note location	Consumer authenticator
Overall	overt	Portrait similar to the intaglio portrait, at the same location on each note	Consumer authenticator
Planchettes	overt, covert	Small tissue or polymer discs incorporated in the substrate, can carry additional covert features, e.g., fluorescence, microprint.	Consumer verification
Thread
Embedded	overt, covert	Thread indiscernible in reflected light, visible with transmitted light	Consumer authenticator, machine readable, copier reproduction difficult.
Printing	overt	Text/images on thread	Consumer authenticator
Fluorescence	covert	Fluorescent material on thread	Machine readable
Magnetic	covert	Magnetic material on thread	Machine readable
Windowed	overt, covert	Thread discernible when exposed on substrate surface	Consumer authenticator, degrades copier/scanner reproduction, machine readable
Printing	overt	Text/images on thread	Consumer authenticator
Fluorescence	covert	Carries fluorescent material	Machine readable
Optical Pigments & Dyes
Up Converters	overt, covert	Material absorbs long wavelength radiation and re-emits at shorter wavelength, e.g., absorbs infrared radiation and re-emits as visible light or shorter wavelength infrared light	Authenticator, Consumer Authenticator, Machine Readable
Down Converters	overt, covert	Material absorbs short wavelength radiation and re-emits at longer wavelength, e.g., absorbs ultraviolet radiation and re-emits as visible or infrared light	Consumer authenticator, machine readable
Inks
Offset
Color Gamut	overt	Printing with colors which cannot be reproduced by the four color process of current copiers and printers	Digital reprographic equipment not able to reproduce certain colors.
Color Shifting	overt	Color changes with viewing angle	Consumer authenticator, color shift hard to scan or simulate
Thermochromic	overt	Color change with temperature	Consumer authenticator
Photochromic	overt	Color shift with light	Consumer authenticator
General
Forensic Tag	covert	Marker for forensic identification that provides a unique product source fingerprint, e.g., unique submicron security features on carrier particles or deuterated tracer materials	Authenticity test and tracking
Intaglio
Magnetics	covert, tactile	Magnetic properties	Machine readable
Infrared	covert, tactile	Infrared active	Machine readable
Other, Printed
Digital Watermark	overt, covert	A printed feature with embedded encrypted digital information that can only be read by software having the correct decryption key	Authenticator, machine readable
Latent image	overt	Variation in surface relief of an intaglio print resulting in an observable image at very low angles	Consumer verification; will not reproduce on copiers
Moire Inducing Patterns	overt	Printed patterns which cause frequency interference in low to medium resolution digital scans	Consumer authenticator, degrades imaging on copiers and low to medium resolution scanners/printers
Lenticular/Scrambled Indicia	overt	Printed, embedded image viewable with a special lens	Consumer authenticator, machine readable
Other, Non-printed
Microperf	overt	Laser perforations in a grid pattern, acts as an optically variable device, visible when viewed in transmitted light at 90° angle	Consumer authenticator, cannot be scanned, difficult to reproduce
Holograms	overt	3D-like images	Consumer authenticator, machine readable
Optically Variable Devices	overt	Devices that change optical character via viewing angle or stimulation	Consumer authenticator, machine readable
Radio Frequency Identification Devices	covert	Electronic device that transmits, via radio frequency over a limited distance, encrypted info when interrogated, info resides in the computer chip of the RFID tag	Machine readable, tracking
Passive	covert	No battery, power drawn from reader	Machine readable, short distance tracking
Semi-passive	covert	Battery powers chip, transmitting power drawn from reader	Machine readable
Active	covert	Self-contained battery for chip and RF transmissions	Machine readable
Other, Taggants
Marker tags	overt, covert	Components which can be added to fibers, planchettes, inks, thread; and provide specific properties such as fluorescence	Authenticator possible, machine readable
Organic vapor	overt	Unique odor signature, e.g., perfume	Consumer authenticator, machine readable
Inorganic tag	covert	Inorganic chemical markers that can be detected by instruments, e.g., magnetometers, x-ray units, IR/UV/visible spectrophotometers	Machine readable