Effect of Manufacturing Processes on
Chemical Contaminants
Linda A. Benjamin, PhD
Presented To:
Animal Feed Safety System
Public Meeting
Gaithersburg, Maryland
May 22, 2007
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Slide 2 Exposure to Contaminants in
Feeds and Feed Ingredients – Factors - Levels in raw and processed feed ingredients
– Karen Ekelman - Level changes during processing of feed ingredients
– Linda Benjamin - Levels in finished feeds
– Phares Okelo - Level changes during storage, transportation and feeding
– Phares Okelo - Amount consumed by swine
– Barry Hooberman - Amount consumed by humans
– Barry Hooberman
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Slide 3 AFSS Big Picture Animal Health Human Health
Animal Feed Safety System (AFSS) is a program aimed at protecting human and animal health by ensuring that animal feed is safe
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Slide 4 AFSS Big Picture Ingredient Animal Feed Animal Health Human Health Animal Feed Safety System (AFSS) is a program aimed at protecting human and animal
health by ensuring that animal feed is safe |  |
Slide 5 AFSS Big Picture Ingredient Animal Feed Animal Health Human Health
Chemical
Contaminant | | Manufacturing
Processes | | Safe Feed/
Safe Food |
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Slide 6 Effect of Manufacturing Processes on Chemical Contaminants Need to Know:
- Contaminants
- Manufacturing Processes
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Slide 7 Chemical Contaminants - Mycotoxin
- Aflatoxins, fumonisins, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, vomitoxin
- Pesticides
- OP: Malathion, chlorpyrifos-methyl, pirimiphos-methyl
- OC: Methoxychlor
- Heavy Metals, Elements
- Cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, nickel, antimony, selenium, copper, zinc, chromium, iron
- Halogenated Organic Compounds
- Dioxins, PCB’s
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Slide 8 Effect of Manufacturing Processes on Chemical Contaminants Need to Know:
- Contaminants
- Manufacturing Processes
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Slide 9 Ingredient | Ingredient Origin | Manufacturing Process |
|---|
| Corn, ground | Corn | Ground or Chopped (entire corn kernel) | Soybean meal,
solvent extracted | Soybean | Grinding the flakes which remain after removal of most of the oil from soybeans by solvent extraction | Fish Meal,
select menhaden | Fish | Clean, dried, ground tissue of undecomposed whole fish or fish cuttings. May have part of oil extracted | | Spray dried animal blood cells | Whole animal blood | Spray drying red and white blood cells | | Dried whey | Milk | Drying – water removal from whey
(whey – fluid from separating the coagulum from milk, cream or skimmed milk. A portion of the milk fat may have been removed) | | Choice white grease | Animal, Pork | Rendering of pork tissues | | Fat | Animal, Beef | Rendering or extraction of beef tissue | | DDGs | Barley, cereal, corn, rye, sorghum, or wheat | Biomass obtained after grain exposed to yeast fermentation, distillation, drying and addition of solubles.
(solubles – product obtained after grain is exposed to yeast fermentation, distillation, separation of thin stillage, condensing and drying of stillage) |
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Slide 10 Manufacturing Processes - Physical
- Cleaning, grinding, chopping, solvent extraction, mechanical extraction, mixing
- Thermal
- Drying, grinding, rendering, fermentation, distillation, pelleting
- Chemical
- Fermentation (acids, ammonia, urea, etc.)
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Slide 11 Effect of Manufacturing Processes on Chemical Contaminants Need to Know:
- Contaminants
- Manufacturing Processes
- Scoring System
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Slide 12 Scoring System - Effect of a process on a contaminant
- Does a process increase (I), decrease (D) or have no
- effect (NE) on contaminant?
- What is the magnitude of that effect?
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Slide 13 Scoring System - Effect of a process on a contaminant
- Does a process increase (I), decrease (D) or have no-effect (NE) on contaminant?
- What is the magnitude of that effect?
- How certain are you in your estimation?
- Resources
- Literature, databases, personal knowledge, etc.
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Slide 14 Syracuse Environmental Fate Database DATALOG is a bibliographic file containing 18 types of environmental fate data. BIOLOG or the Microbial Degradation/Toxicity File, provides sources of microbial toxicity and
biodegradation data. CHEMFATE is a data value file containing 25 categories of environmental fate and physical/chemical
property information on commercially important chemical compounds. BIODEG contains experimental values relating to biodegradation subjects. BIODEG SUMMARY provides summary evaluation and reliability codes for different test methods, as
well as summaries for biodegradability under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
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Slide 15 CHEMFATE Search Parameters CAS#: 000121-75-5 Formula:C10H19O6PS2 Name: MALATHION Print full reference list Yes No Limit Search by selecting data types listed below.
NO SELECTIONS will cause ALL records for chemical to be retrieved
Number of records present for each data type is indicated next to the data type name. | 1. ID-identification | 2. BIOC-Log Bioconerntration Factor | | 1. MELT-Melting Point | 0. HYDR-Hydrolysis | | 1. BOIL-Boiling Point | 0. OXID-Oxidation & Other Reactions | | 0. UV-Ultra Violet Absorption | 0. PHOT-Photolysis | | 0. PKA-Log Acid Dissociation Constant | 0. MICD-Microbial Degradation | | 2. LOGP-Log Octanol/Water Partition Coeff | 0. NSYD-Degration in Natural Systems | | 3. WSOL-Waler Solubility | 0. ECOS-Ecosystem | | 1. VP-Vapor Pressure | 0. AIRM-Air Monitoring | | 2. HENL-Henry's Law Constant | 0. WATM-Water Monitoring | | 0. EVAW-Evaporation from Water | 0. SOIM-Soil Monitoring | | 1. SOIA-Soil Adsorption Constant | 0. BIOM-Biota Monitoring | | 0. SCOL-Soil Column Transport | 0. FIEL-Field Studies | | 0. SRF-Soil Thin Layer Chromatography | |
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Slide 16 Effect of Manufacturing Processes on Chemical Contaminants Now We Know:
- Contaminants
- Manufacturing Processes
- Scoring System
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Slide 17 Chemical Contaminants Expert Opinion Worksheet | | Physical Process | Thermal Process | Chemical
Process |
|---|
| | Clean | Grind | Chop | Sol-vent Extr-action | Mech-anical Extr-action | Mixing | Dry | Grind | Re-nder | Ferme-ntation | Distill-ation | Pell-eting | Ferme-ntation | Amm-oniation |
|---|
| Myco-toxins | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Aflatoxin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Zeara-lenone | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Fum-onisin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Deoxyni-valenol | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Ochr-aoxin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Malathion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|
Chlorpyrif-
osmethyl | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Pirmiphos | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Methox-oychlor | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Heavy Metals | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Arsenic | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Lead | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Mercury | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Cadmium | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Nickel | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Antimony | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Halog-enated
Organic
Com-pounds | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Dioxin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| PCB's | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|
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Slide 18 Chemical Contaminant Expert Opinion Worksheet Contaminant
| Thermal Processes (T) |
|---|
Cooking/
Rendering | Drying | Distillation | Pelleting | Comments
|
|---|
| PES | Certainty | PES | Certainty | PES | Certainty | PES | Certainty |
|---|
| Aflatoxins | | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Malathion | | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Cadmium | | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Dioxins | | | | | | | | | |
|---|
Process Effect Score (PES): - Increase; - Decrease; NE - No Effect Certainty: 1-Very uncertain; 2-Uncertain; 3-Medium certainty; 4-Fairly certain; 5-Very certain
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Slide 19 Chemical Contaminant Expert Opinion Worksheet | Contaminant | Thermal Processes (T) |
|---|
Cooking/
Rendering | Drying | Distillation | Pelleting |
|---|
| PES | Certainty | PES | Certainty | PES | Certainty | PES | Certainty |
|---|
Aflatoxins
| 40%
| 3 | 0-10% | 3 | 10-20% | 3 | 0-10% | 3
|
|---|
| Malathion | 80% | 4 | 0-10% | 3 |
20-50% | 3 |
10%
| 3 |
|---|
| Cadmium | NE | 4,5 | NE | 4,5 | NE | 4,5 | NE | 4, 5 |
|---|
| Dioxins | NE | 3,4 | NE | 4,5 | NE | 4,5 | NE | 4, 5 |
|---|
Process Effect Score (PES): - Increase; - Decrease; NE - No Effect Certainty: 1–Very uncertain; 2-Uncertain; 3-Medium certainty; 4-Fairly certain; 5-Very certain |  |
Slide 20 Chemical Contaminant Expert Opinion Worksheet | Contaminant | Thermal Processes (T) |
|---|
Cooking/
Rendering | Drying | Distillation | Pelleting |
|---|
| PES | Certainty | PES | Certainty | PES | Certainty | PES | Certainty |
|---|
Aflatoxins
| 40%
| 3 | 0-10% | 3 | 10-20% | 3 | 0-10% | 3
|
|---|
| Malathion | 80% | 4 | 0-10% | 3 |
20-50% | 3 |
10%
| 3 |
|---|
| Cadmium | NE | 4,5 | NE | 4,5 | NE | 4,5 | NE | 4, 5 |
|---|
| Dioxins | NE | 3,4 | NE | 4,5 | NE | 4,5 | NE | 4, 5 |
|---|
Process Effect Score (PES): - Increase; - Decrease; NE - No Effect Certainty: 1–Very uncertain; 2-Uncertain; 3-Medium certainty; 4-Fairly certain; 5-Very certain |  |
Slide 21 Chemical Contaminant Expert Opinion Worksheet | Contaminant | Thermal Processes (T) |
|---|
Cooking/
Rendering | Drying | Distillation | Pelleting |
|---|
| PES | Certainty | PES | Certainty | PES | Certainty | PES | Certainty |
|---|
Aflatoxins
| 40%
| 3 | 0-10% | 3 | 10-20% | 3 | 0-10% | 3
|
|---|
| Malathion | 80% | 4 | 0-10% | 3 |
20-50% | 3 |
10%
| 3 |
|---|
| Cadmium | NE | 4,5 | NE | 4,5 | NE | 4,5 | NE | 4, 5 |
|---|
| Dioxins | NE | 3,4 | NE | 4,5 | NE | 4,5 | NE | 4, 5 |
|---|
Process Effect Score (PES): - Increase; - Decrease; NE - No Effect Certainty: 1–Very uncertain; 2-Uncertain; 3-Medium certainty; 4-Fairly certain; 5-Very certain |  |
Slide 22 Swine Diet Ingredients | Processes | Aflatoxins, ppb | Malathion, ppm | Cadmium, ppm | Dioxins, ppt TEQ |
|---|
FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES) | FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES) | FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES) | FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES) |
|---|
Corn, ground
| Grind or chop | 19.44%
47.15 | NE | 18.83%
0.516 | No
PES | 100%
0.039 | NE | 50%
0.0091 | No
PES |
|---|
Soybean Meal,
solvent extracted | Solvent extraction, grind
| 4.09%
8.219 |
30-70%
| 0.56%
0.106 |
30-70%
| 100%
0.039 |
30-70%
|
100%
0.0167
| No
PES |
|---|
Fish Meal,
select menhaden
| Clean, dry, ground, mechanical extraction | 1.85%
110 |
10-50%
| 0.93%
0.301 |
10-50%
| 50%
0.073 |
10-20%
|
100%
0.58
| No
PES |
|---|
Spray dried blood cells | Spray dry | 1.85%
110 |
0-10%
| 0.93% 0.301 |
0-10%
| 50%
0.073 | NE | 100%
0.338 | NE |
|---|
Dried whey
| Coagulate, separation,
dry | 1.85%
110 |
0-10%
| 0.93% 0.301 |
0-10%
| 50%
0.073 |
? 0-10%
| 86%
0.02 |
0-10%
|
|---|
Choice white grease
&Fat
| Render | 1.85%
110 |
40-50%
| 0.93% 0.301 |
50
80%
| 50%
0.073 | NE | 100%
0.3379 | NE |
|---|
DDGs
| Grind, ferment, distill, dry | 19.44%
47.15 |
50-70%
| 18.83%
0.516 |
30-50%
| 100%
0.039 |
50-70%
| 50%
0.0091 |
? 50-70%
|
|---|
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Slide 23 | Swine Diet Ingredients |
Processes | Aflatoxins, ppb | Malathion, ppm | Cadmium, ppm | Dioxins, ppt TEQ |
|---|
FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES) | FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES) | FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES) | FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES) |
|---|
Corn, ground
| Grind or chop | 19.44%
47.15 | NE | 18.83%
0.516 | No
PES | 100%
0.039 | NE | 50%
0.0091 | No
PES |
|---|
Soybean Meal,
solvent extracted | Solvent extraction, grind | 4.09%
8.219 |
30-70%
| 0.56%
0.106 |
30-70%
| 100%
0.039 |
30-70%
|
100%
0.0167
| No
PES |
|---|
Fish Meal,
select menhaden | Clean, dry, ground, mechanical extraction | 1.85%
110 |
10-50%
| 0.93%
0.301 |
10-50%
| 50%
0.073 |
10-20%
|
100%
0.58
| No
PES |
|---|
Spray dried blood cells | Spray dry | 1.85%
110 |
0-10%
| 0.93% 0.301 |
0-10%
| 50%
0.073 | NE | 100%
0.338 | NE |
|---|
Dried whey | Coagulate, separation,
dry | 1.85%
110 |
0-10%
| 0.93% 0.301 |
0-10%
| 50%
0.073 |
0-10%
| 86%
0.02 |
0-10%
|
|---|
Choice white grease
&Fat | Render | 1.85%
110 |
40-50%
| 0.93% 0.301 |
50
80%
| 50%
0.073 | NE | 100%
0.3379 | NE |
|---|
DDGs
| Grind, ferment, distill, dry | 19.44%
47.15 |
50-70%
| 18.83%
0.516 |
30-50%
| 100%
0.039 |
50-70%
| 50%
0.0091 |
50-70%
|
|---|
|  |
Slide 24 Swine Diet Ingredients |
Processes
| Aflatoxins, ppb | Malathion, ppm | Cadmium, ppm | Dioxins, ppt TEQ |
|---|
FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES) | FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES) | FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES) | FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES) |
|---|
Corn, ground | Grind or chop | 19.44%
47.15 | NE
| 18.83%
0.516 | No
PES | 100%
0.039 | NE | 50%
0.0091 | No
PES |
|---|
Soybean Meal,
solvent extracted | Solvent extraction, grind | 4.09%
8.219 |
30-70%
| 0.56%
0.106 |
30-70%
| 100%
0.039 |
30-70%
|
100%
0.0167
| No
PES |
|---|
Fish Meal,
select menhaden | Clean, dry, ground, mechanical extraction | 1.85%
110 |
10-50%
| 0.93%
0.301 |
10-50%
| 50%
0.073 |
10-20%
|
100%
0.58
| No
PES |
|---|
Spray dried blood cells | Spray dry | 1.85%
110 |
0-10%
| 0.93% 0.301 |
0-10%
| 50%
0.073 | NE | 100%
0.338 | NE |
|---|
Dried whey | Coagulate, separation,
dry | 1.85%
110 |
0-10%
| 0.93% 0.301 |
0-10%
| 50%
0.073 |
0-10%
| 86%
0.02 |
0-10%
|
|---|
Choice white grease
&Fat | Render | 1.85%
110 |
40-50%
| 0.93% 0.301 |
50
80%
| 50%
0.073 | NE | 100%
0.3379 | NE |
|---|
DDGs
| Grind, ferment, distill, dry | 19.44%
47.15 |
50-70%
| 18.83%
0.516 |
30-50%
| 100%
0.039 |
50-70%
| 50%
0.0091 |
50-70%
|
|---|
|  |
Slide 25 Swine Diet Ingredients |
Processes | Aflatoxins, ppb | Malathion, ppm | Cadmium, ppm | Dioxins, ppt TEQ |
|---|
FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES) | FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES) | FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES) | FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES) |
|---|
Corn, ground
| Grind or chop | 19.44%
47.15 | NE | 18.83%
0.516 | No
PES | 100%
0.039 | NE | 50%
0.0091 | No
PES |
|---|
Soybean Meal,
solvent extracted | Solvent extraction, grind | 4.09%
8.219 |
30-70%
| 0.56%
0.106 |
30-70%
| 100%
0.039 |
30-70%
|
100%
0.0167
| No
PES |
|---|
Fish Meal,
select menhaden | Clean, dry, ground, mechanical extraction | 1.85%
110 |
10-50%
| 0.93%
0.301 |
10-50%
| 50%
0.073 |
10-20%
|
100%
0.58
| No
PES |
|---|
Spray dried blood cells | Spray dry | 1.85%
110 |
0-10%
| 0.93% 0.301 |
0-10%
| 50%
0.073 | NE | 100%
0.338 | NE |
|---|
Dried whey | Coagulate, separation,
dry | 1.85%
110 |
0-10%
| 0.93% 0.301 |
0-10%
| 50%
0.073 |
0-10%
| 86%
0.02 |
0-10%
|
|---|
Choice white grease
&Fat | Render | 1.85%
110 |
40-50%
| 0.93% 0.301 |
50
80%
| 50%
0.073 | NE | 100%
0.3379 | NE |
|---|
DDGs
| Grind, ferment, distill, dry | 19.44%
47.15 |
50-70%
| 18.83%
0.516 |
30-50%
| 100%
0.039 |
50-70%
| 50%
0.0091 |
50-70%
|
|---|
|  |
Slide 26 Swine Diet Ingredients |
Processes | Aflatoxins, ppb | Malathion, ppm | Cadmium, ppm | Dioxins, ppt TEQ |
|---|
FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES) | FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES) | FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES) | FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES) |
|---|
Corn, ground | Grind or chop | 19.44%
47.15 | NE | 18.83%
0.516 | No
PES | 100%
0.039 | NE | 50%
0.0091 | No
PES |
|---|
Soybean Meal,
solvent extracted | Solvent extraction, grind
| 4.09%
8.219 |
30-70%
| 0.56%
0.106 |
30-70%
| 100%
0.039 |
30-70%
|
100%
0.0167
| No
PES |
|---|
Fish Meal,
select menhaden | Clean, dry, ground, mechanical extraction | 1.85%
110 |
10-50%
| 0.93%
0.301 |
10-50%
| 50%
0.073 |
10-20%
|
100%
0.58
| No
PES |
|---|
Spray dried blood cells | Spray dry | 1.85%
110 |
0-10%
| 0.93% 0.301 |
0-10%
| 50%
0.073 | NE | 100%
0.338 | NE |
|---|
Dried whey | Coagulate, separation,
dry | 1.85%
110 |
0-10%
| 0.93% 0.301 |
0-10%
| 50%
0.073 |
0-10%
| 86%
0.02 |
0-10%
|
|---|
Choice white grease
&Fat | Render | 1.85%
110 |
40-50%
| 0.93% 0.301 |
50
80%
| 50%
0.073 | NE | 100%
0.3379 | NE |
|---|
DDGs
| Grind, ferment, distill, dry | 19.44%
47.15 |
50-70%
| 18.83%
0.516 |
30-50%
| 100%
0.039 |
50-70%
| 50%
0.0091 |
50-70%
|
|---|
|  |
Slide 27 Questions ? |  |
