Animal & Veterinary
NADA 140-974 IVOMEC® Premix for Swine - original approval
Approval Date: September 23, 1993
I. GENERAL INFORMATION:
| NADA | 140-974 |
| Sponsor: | Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories 2100 Ronson Road Iselin, New Jersey 08830-3077 |
| Generic Name: | ivermectin |
| Trade Name: | IVOMEC® Premix for Swine |
| Marketing Status: | Over the Counter (OTC) |
II. INDICATIONS FOR USE
For the treatment and control of gastrointestinal roundworms (Ascaris suum , adults and fourth-stage larvae; Ascarops strongylina , adults; Hyostrongylus rubidus , adults and fourth-stage larvae; Oesophagostomum spp. adults and fourth-stage larvae), kidneyworms (Stephanurus dentatus, adults and fourth-stage larvae), lungworms ( Metastrongylus spp., adults), lice ( Haematopinus suis ) and mange mites ( Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis ) when incorporated into complete swine feeds at the level listed in the table below. Follow mixing directions when preparing complete feeds.
III. DOSAGE FORM, ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION, AND RECOMMENDED DOSAGE
Add IVOMEC Premix to starter, grower and finisher feeds at 300 g per ton to supply 1.8 g ivermectin per ton (2 ppm) of feed. Use this Type C Medicated Feed as the only feed for 7 consecutive days. This provides approximately 100 mcg of ivermectin per kg of bodyweight per day.
300g
Required amount of IVOMEC Premix (Type A) Medicated Article 0.6 % to medicate one ton of complete (Type C) Medicated Feed
1.8g
Required level of ivermectin per ton of complete (Type C) Medicated Feed.
IVOMEC Premix should be thoroughly and evenly mixed in the feed in accordance with good manufacturing practices for medicated feeds. Dispersion of ivermectin in the feed is enhanced by diluting 1 part ivermectin Type A Medicated Article with 14 parts of finely ground feed ingredients to provide an intermediate premix. Ten lb of this intermediate premix is used to provide 1.8 g ivermectin in one ton of complete Type C Medicated Feed.
IV. EFFECTIVENESS
Several formulations of ivermectin, including an injectable formulation for swine, are currently marketed by Merck & Co., Inc. as effective antiparasitic agents for various animal species. Data collected from a development program that included 26 clinical studies conducted in diverse areas of the United States as well as a number of international sites demonstrate that ivermectin as a 0.6% w/w Type A medicated article added to the ration at a rate to provide 2 ppm ivermectin (equivalent to approximately 100 mcg/kg/day) and fed to pigs for seven consecutive days effectively controls a wide range of economically important endo- and ectoparasites of growing swine. All of the studies involving efficacy evaluations against parasites were conducted as controlled studies. Both ecto-and endoparasite counts of treated swine were compared with those of untreated controls. The pigs were either experimentally or naturally infected with one or more species of ectoparasites (lice and mites) or endoparasites (nematodes). Each claim for a parasite species was supported by at least two controlled studies. Efficacy was expressed as percentage (%) reduction of parasites as compared to controls. The % reduction was calculated as follows:
Percentage Reduction of Parasites =
(Arithmetic mean number of parasites in control swine - Arithmetic mean number of parasites in treated swine) / Arithmetic mean number of parasites in control swine X 100
The efficacy of ivermectin was at least 93% for each endoparasite claim except for the fourth-stage larvae of Oesophagostomum spp. (90%) while ectoparasite populations were reduced following treatment. Data from United States and international studies supports the claim that ivermectin administered in the ration of growing swine at 2 ppm for seven consecutive days is effective against adult and larval stages of the important nematode and arthropod parasites that affect swine.
A. Dose Titration
Dose titration studies were conducted to determine the amount of ivermectin that would be required in a seven-day treatment regimen to control swine endo- and ectoparasites. One ectoparasite study, and two endoparasite studies, each including eight controls and 24 medicated swine were conducted. Ivermectin dosages of 0, 50, 100 or 200 mcg/kg/day for seven consecutive days were evaluated. Local procedures were followed regarding animal husbandry during the studies and standard procedures were used for allocating animals, collecting samples, enumerating and identifying parasites and performing necropsies. The endoparasite studies used induced infections but naturally infested animals were used in the ectoparasite study. Based on the data collected, the optimum dose was determined to be 100 mcg/kg/day for seven days.
Ectoparasite Dose Titration
Study 12581 was conducted in the United States to establish the optimum level of ivermectin effective against Sarcoptes scabiei var suis . Thirty-two pigs with natural infestations were randomly allocated into four groups and fed ivermectin in feed at 0, 50, 100 or 200 mcg/kg/day for seven consecutive days, followed by nonmedicated ration until the study was terminated. Mites in scrapings from specified areas of the skin were counted. Mite infestation was markedly reduced in all ivermectin-treated pigs at seven days after the termination of treatment and these animals were free of infestation on Day 42 of the study. The medicated rations were readily consumed. No adverse reactions were observed during the course of the study. Data from the controls and pigs treated with ivermectin are listed below.
(Eds. note: The following table consists of 2 columns.)
Sarcoptes scabiei
Dose Level % Efficacy (Range Day 14-42) 50 mcg/kg 99 - 100 100 mcg/kg 99 - 100 200 mcg/kg 100 - 100
Investigator: Dr. J.E. Holste
Merck Research Farm
Route 2, Box 136
Fulton, Missouri 65251
Endoparasite Dose Titration
Study 12583 was conducted in the United States to establish the optimum level of ivermectin in feed against nematodes. Thirty-two pigs were artificially infected and randomly allocated to four groups of equal size. When the nematodes were in the fourth larval stage (L4), the groups were given ivermectin in feed at 0, 50, 100 or 200 mcg/kg/day for seven days followed by nonmedicated ration until the study was terminated. Necropsies were performed 16 to 17 days after the termination of treatment and the reductions in nematode counts are summarized below. The medicated rations were readily consumed. No adverse reactions were observed during the course of the study.
(Eds. note: The following table consists of 4 columns.)
Percent Reduction Relative to Controls
Ivermectin (mcg/kg/day)
Nematode (L4) 50 100 200
Ascaris suum 100 100 100
Hyostrongylus rubidus 99 100 100
Oesophagostomum spp. 94 96 92
Investigator: Dr. R. Alva-Valdes
Merck Research Farm
Route 2, Box 136
Fulton, Missouri 65251
Study 12443 was conducted in West Germany to establish the optimum level of ivermectin in feed against immature Hyostrongylus rubidus . Thirty-two pigs with induced infections were randomly allocated to four groups of equal size. When the nematodes were in the fourth larval stage (L4), the groups were given ivermectin in feed at 0, 50, 100 or 200 mcg/kg/day for seven days, followed by nonmedicated ration until the study was terminated. Necropsies were performed 35-37 days after the termination of treatment and the findings listed below recorded. The medicated ration was readily consumed. No adverse reactions were observed during the course of the study.
(Eds. note: The following table consists of 4 columns.)
Percent Reduction Relative to Controls
Ivermectin (mcg/kg/day)
Nematode (L4) 50 100 200
Hyostrongylus rubidus 93 99 99
Investigator: Dr. E.M. Heinze-Mutz
Merck Sharp & Dohme
Kathrinenhof
Walchenseestrasse 8-12
D-8201
Lauterbach, West Germany
Justification of Dose Selection
Results from the above dose titration studies showed that 100 mcg/kg/day for seven days was adequate to control Sarcoptes scabiei var suis as well as L4 nematodes. Dose responses observed against L4 nematodes in two separate studies support the selection of 100 mcg/kg/day.
B. Dose Confirmation
Eight dose confirmation studies were conducted with ectoparasites (mange mites and swine lice). The studies included 105 ivermectin-treated pigs and 105 controls. The infestations were naturally acquired in five studies and induced in three. The parasite numbers were recorded from selected sample sites. The reductions of Sarcoptes scabiei var suis and Haematopinus suis are summarized in Table 1.
Confirmation of the dose selected for endoparasites (gastrointestinal, pulmonary and kidney nematodes) was affirmed in 15 controlled studies. The dose-confirmation data were obtained using 181 ivermectin-treated pigs and 181 controls. Infections were acquired naturally in eight of the studies and were induced in seven. All pigs were killed 14 to 180 days after treatment for parasite recoveries. Table 2 contains a summary of the reductions obtained.
(Eds. note: The following table consists of 3 columns.)
Table 1 Reductions of Ectoparasites on Swine Given Ivermectin In Feed at 2 ppm for Seven Days Compared to Controls
Range of
Parasite/ No. of %
Days after treatment Trials Reduction
Sarcoptes scabiei var suis 3 (total no.)
14 days 3 100
21 days 1 100
28 days 2 100
Haematopinus suis 5 (total no.)
14 days 5 95 - 100
21 days 1 92 - 95
28 days 3 95 - 100
(Eds. note: The following table consists of 3 columns.)
Table 2 Reductions of Endoparasites in Swine Given Ivermectin In Feed at 2 ppm for Seven Days Compared to Controls
No. of %
Parasite Trials Reduction
Oesophagostomum spp. adults 5 98.2
Oesophagostomum spp. L4 2 90.3
Ascaris suum adults 7 100.0
Ascaris suum L4 1 100.0
Hyostrongylus rubidus adults 3 96.9
Hyostrongylus rubidus L4 2 95.0
Ascarops strongylina adults 5 96.4
Metastrongylus spp. adults 4 100.0
Stephanurus dentatus adults 2 100.0
Stephanurus dentatus L4 2 100.0
Ectoparasite Dose-Confirmation Studies
-
Study 12751 was conducted in the United States to confirm the efficacy of ivermectin in feed against Sarcoptes scabiei var suis . Fifty-six pigs with natural infestations were allocated to two groups and housed four animals per pen. One group was the nonmedicated control and received the basal ration, the other group was given ivermectin in feed at 2 ppm for seven days followed by nonmedicated feed until the study terminated. Mites from preselected locations were counted biweekly until study termination on Day 42. No living mites were found on any of the ivermectin-treated pigs after Day 0. The medicated feed was readily consumed. No adverse reactions were observed during the study. (Eds. note: The following table consists of 4 columns.)
% Efficacy on Day Parasite 14 28 42 S. scabiei 100 100 100Investigator: Dr. J.E. Holste
Merck Research Farm
Route 2, Box 136
Fulton, Missouri 65251 -
Study 12760 was conducted in the United States to confirm the efficacy of ivermectin in feed against Sarcoptes scabiei var suis . Twenty pigs with naturally acquired infestations were randomly allocated to two groups of equal size. One group was not treated and the other received ivermectin in feed at 2 ppm for seven days. Mites from preselected locations were counted on Days -2, 14, 28 and 42 of the study. No live mites were found on the ivermectin-treated pigs during any of the last three examinations. The medicated feed was readily consumed. No adverse reactions were observed. The data from this study are summarized below. (Eds. note: The following table consists of 4 columns.)
% Efficacy on Day Parasite 14 28 42 S. scabiei 100 100 100Investigator: Dr. D.P. Bane
College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Illinois
Urbana, Illinois 61801 -
Study 12772 was conducted in the United States to confirm the efficacy of ivermectin in feed against Sarcoptes scabiei var suis . Twenty pigs with natural infestations were allocated to two groups of equal size. One group was not treated and the other received ivermectin in feed at 2 ppm for seven days. Mites from preselected locations were counted on Days -1, 7 and 21 of the study. No live mites were found on the ivermectin-treated pigs on either Day 7 or 21. The medicated feed was readily consumed. No adverse reactions were observed. The data are summarized below. (Eds. note: The following table consists of 3 columns.)
% Efficacy on Day Parasite 7 14 S. scabiei 100 100Investigator: Dr. R. Alva-Valdes
Merck Research Farm
Route 2, Box 136
Fulton, Missouri 65251 -
Study 12461 was conducted in West Germany to confirm the efficacy of ivermectin in feed against Haernatopinus suis. Sixteen pigs with induced infestations were allocated to two groups of equal number. Pigs in one group were not treated and those of the other group received ivermectin in feed at 2 ppm for seven days. The lice on each pig were counted weekly and the results are summarized below. The medicated feed was readily consumed. No adverse reactions were observed. The lice that appeared on the ivermectin-treated pigs on Days 14-28 of the study originated from eggs that hatched during the posttreatment period. (Eds. note: The following table consists of 5 columns.)
------------% Efficacy on Day------------- Parasite 7 14 21 28 H. suis 100 95 92 95Investigator: Dr. E.M. Heinze-Mutz
Merck Sharp & Dohme
Kathrinenhof
Walchenseestrasse 8-12
D-8201
Lauterbach, West Germany -
Study 12593 was conducted in the United States to confirm the efficacy of ivermectin against swine lice. Twenty pigs with natural infestations of Haernatopinus suis were allocated to two groups of equal number. Pigs in one group were not treated and those of the other group received ivermectin in feed at 2 ppm for seven days. The lice on each pig were counted on Days -2, 7, 14 and 28, and the results are summarized below. The medicated feed was readily consumed. No adverse reactions were observed. (Eds. note: The following table consists of 4 columns.)
% Efficacy on Day Parasite 7 14 28 H. suis 100 100 100Investigator: Dr. H.N. Becker
Becker Veterinary Clinic
P.O. Box 990
Melrose, Florida 32666 -
Study 12763 was conducted in the United States to confirm the efficacy of ivermectin in feed against swine lice. Twenty pigs with induced infestations of H. suis were allocated to two groups of equal size. Pigs in one group received ivermectin in feed at 2 ppm for seven days and those of the other group were not treated. The lice on each pig were counted on Days -1, 7, 14 and 28 and the results are summarized below. The medicated feed was readily consumed. No adverse reactions were observed. (Eds. note: The following table consists of 4 columns.)
% Efficacy on Day Parasite 7 14 28 H. suis 100 100 100Investigator: Dr. R.E. Williams
Department of Entomology
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana 47906 -
Study 13038 was conducted in the United States to confirm that ivermectin in feed is effective against swine lice. Twenty pigs with natural infestations of Haematopinus suis were allocated to two groups of equal number. One group was not treated and the other group received ivermectin in feed at 2 ppm for seven days. The lice on each pig were counted on Days 0, 7, 14 and 28 and the results are listed below. The lice that appeared on the ivermectin-treated pigs on Day 28 originated from eggs that hatched during the posttreatment period. The medicated feed was readily consumed. No adverse reactions were observed. (Eds. note: The following table consists of 3 columns.)
% Efficacy on Day Parasite 7 14 H. suis 100 100Investigator: Dr. J.E. Holste
Ghrist Veterinary Clinic
1111 E. Washington
Pittsfield, Illinois 62363 -
Study 13039 was conducted in the United States to confirm the efficacy of ivermectin in feed against natural infestations of Haematopinus suis, the swine louse. Eighteen pigs with naturally acquired infestations were randomly allocated to two groups of equal number. One group was not treated and the other group received ivermectin in feed at 2 ppm for seven days. The lice on each pig were counted weekly and the results are listed below. The lice that appeared on the ivermectin-treated pigs on Days 21-28 originated from eggs that hatched during the posttreatment period. The medicated feed was readily consumed. No adverse reactions were observed. (Eds. note: The following table consists of 5 columns.)
------------% Efficacy on Day------------- Parasite 7 14 21 28 H. suis 100 100 99 97Investigator: Dr. J.E. Holste
Merck Research Farm
Route 2, Box 136
Fulton, Missouri 65251
Endoparasite Dose Confirmation Studies
-
Study 12461 was conducted in West Germany to confirm that ivermectin in feed is effective against nematodes. Sixteen pigs with induced infections were randomly allocated to two groups of equal number. When the nematodes became adults, one group was not treated and the other group received ivermectin in feed at 2 ppm for seven days. Necropsies were performed 21-23 days after termination of treatment and the reductions in counts of adult nematodes are summarized below. The medicated feed was readily consumed. No adverse reactions were observed. (Eds. note: The following table consists of 2 columns.)
Nematodes (adult) % Reduction at 2 ppm/7 days Hyostrongylus rubidus 98 Oesophagostomum spp. 98 Metastrongylus spp. 100
Investigator: Dr.E.M. Heinze-Mutz
Merck Sharp & Dohme
Kathrinenhof
Walchenseestrasse 8-12
D-8201
Lauterbach, West Germany -
Study 12593 was conducted in the United States to confirm that ivermectin in feed is effective against nematodes. Twenty pigs with natural infections were randomly allocated to two groups of equal number. One group was not treated and the other group received ivermectin in feed at 2 ppm for seven days. Necropsies were performed 21 days after the termination of treatment and the reductions in nematode counts are summarized below. The medicated feed was consumed readily. No adverse reactions were observed. (Eds. note: The following table consists of 2 columns.)
Nematodes (adult) % Reduction at 2 ppm/7 days Ascaris suum 100 Oesoph. quadrispinulatum 99
Investigator: Dr. H.N. Becker
Becker Veterinary Clinic
P.O. Box 990
Melrose, Florida 32666 -
Study 12760 was conducted in the United States to confirm that ivermectin is effective against nematodes. Twenty pigs with natural infections were randomly allocated to two groups of equal size. One group was not treated and the other group received ivermectin in feed at 2 ppm for seven days. Necropsies were performed 35 days after the termination of treatment and the reductions in nematode counts are summarized below. The medicated feed was readily consumed. No adverse reactions were observed. (Eds. note: The following table consists of 2 columns.)
Nematodes (adult) % Reduction at 2 ppm/7 days Ascaris suum 100 Ascarops strongylina 99
Investigator: Dr. D.P. Bane
College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Illinois
Urbana, Illinois 61801 -
Study 12761 was conducted in the United States to confirm that ivermectin in feed is effective against nematodes. Twenty pigs with natural infections were randomly allocated to two groups of equal size. One group was not treated and the other group received ivermectin in feed at 2 ppm for seven days. Necropsies were performed 14 days after the termination of treatment and the reductions in counts of adult nematodes are summarized below. The medicated feed was readily consumed. No adverse reactions were observed. (Eds. note: The following table consists of 2 columns.)
Nematodes (adult) % Reduction at 2 ppm/7 days Ascaris suum 100 Metastrongylus spp. 100 Ascarops strongylina 99
Investigator: Dr. D.P. Bane
College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Illinois
Urbana, Illinois 61801 -
Study 12764 was conducted in the United States to confirm that ivermectin in feed is effective against nematodes. Twenty pigs with naturally acquired infections were randomly allocated to two groups of equal size. One group was given ivermectin in feed at 2 ppm for seven days and the other group was not treated. Necropsies were performed 14-15 days after the termination of treatment and the reduction in counts of adult Ascaris suum is shown below. The medicated feed was readily consumed. No adverse reactions were observed. (Eds. note: The following table consists of 2 columns.)
Nematodes (adult) % Reduction at 2 ppm/7 days Ascaris suum 100
Investigator: S.M. Gaafar
Department of Veterinary Pathology
School of Veterinary Medicine,
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 -
Study 12772 was conducted in the United States to confirm that ivermectin in feed is effective against adult nematodes. Twenty pigs with natural infections were randomly allocated to two groups of equal size. One group was not treated and the other group received ivermectin in feed at 2 ppm for seven days. Necropsies were performed 14-15 days after the termination of treatment and the reductions in nematode counts are summarized below. The medicated feed was readily consumed. No adverse reactions were observed. (Eds. note: The following table consists of 2 columns.)
Nematodes (adult) % Reduction at 2 ppm/7 days Ascaris suum 100 Ascarops strongylina 99 Hyostrongylus rubidus 100 Metastrongylus spp. 100 Oesophagostomum spp. 100
Investigator: Dr. R. Alva-Valdes
Merck Research Farm
Route 2, P.O. Box 136
Fulton, Missouri 65251 -
Study 12777 was conducted in the United States to confirm that ivermectin in feed is effective against adult nematodes. Twenty pigs with natural infections were randomly allocated to two groups of ten animals. One group received ivermectin in feed at 2 ppm for seven days and the other group was not treated. Necropsies were performed 14 days after termination of treatment and the reductions in nematode counts are summarized below. The medicated feed was readily consumed. No adverse reactions were observed. (Eds. note: The following table consists of 2 columns.)
Nematodes (adult) % Reduction at 2 ppm/7 days Ascaris suum 100 Ascarops strongylina 93 Hyostrongylus rubidus 99 Metastrongylus spp. 100 Oesophagostomum spp. 100
Investigator: Dr. T.B. Stewart
School of Veterinary Medicine
Louisiana State University
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 -
Study 13039 was conducted in the United States to confirm that ivermectin in feed is effective against adult nematodes in swine. Eighteen pigs with natural infections were randomly allocated to two groups of equal size. One group was not treated and the other group received ivermectin in feed at 2 ppm for seven days. Necropsies were performed 21 days after termination of treatment and the reductions in nematode counts are summarized below. The medicated feed was readily consumed. No adverse reactions were observed. (Eds. note: The following table consists of 2 columns.)
Nematodes (adult) % Reduction at 2 ppm/7 days Ascaris suum 100 Ascarops strongylina 99 Metastrongylus spp. 100 Oesophagostomum spp. 99
Investigator: Dr. J.E. Holste
Merck Research Farm
Route 2, P.O. Box 136
Fulton, Missouri 65251 -
Study 12755 was conducted in the United States to confirm that ivermectin in feed is effective against immature nematodes in swine. Fifty-six pigs with induced infections were randomly allocated to two groups of equal size. When the infections had reached the fourth larval stage, one group received ivermectin in feed at 2 ppm for seven days and the other group was not treated. Necropsies were performed 21-23 days after the termination of treatment and the reductions in counts of fourth-stage larvae (L4) are summarized below. The medicated feed was readily consumed. No adverse reactions were observed. (Eds. note: The following table consists of 2 columns.)
Nematodes (L4) % Reduction at 2 ppm/7 days Ascaris suum 100 Hyostrongylus rubidus 100 Oesophagostomum spp. 84
Investigator: Dr. R. Alva-Valdes
Merck Research Farm
Route 2, P.O. Box 136
Fulton, Missouri 65251 -
Study 12853 was conducted in the United States to confirm that ivermectin in feed is effective against L4Oesophagostomum spp. in swine. Fifty-six pigs with induced infections were randomly allocated to two groups of equal size. When the infection had reached the fourth larval stage, one group received ivermectin in feed at 2 ppm for seven days and the other group was not treated. Necropsies were performed 17-19 days after the termination of treatment and the reduction in counts of L4 Oesophagostomum spp. is shown below. The medicated feed was readily consumed. No adverse reactions were observed. (Eds. note: The following table consists of 2 columns.)
Nematodes (L4) % Reduction at 2 ppm/7 days Oesophagostomum spp. 96
Investigator: Dr. R. Alva-Valdes
Merck Research Farm
Route 2, P.O. Box 136
Fulton, Missouri 65251 -
Study 13073 was conducted in the United Kingdom to confirm that ivermectin in feed is effective against immature Hyostrongylus rubidus . Sixteen pigs with induced infections were randomly allocated to two groups of 8 pigs. When the infections reached the fourth larval stage, one group received ivermectin in feed at 2 ppm for seven days and the other group was not treated. Necropsies were performed 14 days after the termination of treatment and the reduction in counts of L4 H. rubidus is shown below. The medicated feed was readily consumed. No adverse reactions were observed. (Eds. note: The following table consists of 2 columns.)
Nematodes (L4) % Reduction at 2 ppm/7 days Hyostrongylus rubidus 88
Investigator: Dr. R.M. Connan
Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine
University of Cambridge,
Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OES, England -
Study 12778 was conducted in the United States to confirm that ivermectin in feed is effective against immature Stephanurus dentatus . Thirty pigs with induced infections were randomly allocated to three groups of ten. When infections had reached the fourth larval stage, one group was not treated and one group received ivermectin in feed at 2 ppm for seven days. Necropsies were performed 13-18 days after the termination of treatment and the reduction in counts of L4 S. dentatus is shown below. The medicated feed was readily consumed. No adverse reactions were observed. The third group of pigs was given an injectable formulation of ivermectin; however, the data from that treatment are not pertinent to this summary and have been omitted. (Eds. note: The following table consists of 2 columns.)
Nematodes (L4) % Reduction at 2 ppm/7 days Stephanurus dentatus 100
Investigator: Dr. D.J. Moncol
School of Veterinary Medicine
North Carolina State University
4700 Hillsborough
Raleigh, North Carolina 27606 -
Study 12833 was conducted in the United States to confirm that ivermectin in feed is effective against immature Stephanurus dentatus . Thirty pigs with induced infections were randomly allocated to three groups of ten. When the infection had reached the fourth larval stage, one group was not treated and one group received ivermectin in feed at 2 ppm for seven days. Necropsies were performed approximately 180 days after the termination of treatment when all nematodes in treated and nontreated animals were adults, and the reduction in counts of L4 S. dentatus is shown below. The medicated feed was readily consumed. No adverse reactions were observed. The third group of pigs was given an injectable formulation of ivermectin; however, the data from that treatment are not pertinent to this summary and have been omitted. (Eds. note: The following table consists of 2 columns.)
Nematodes (L4) % Reduction at 2 ppm/7 days Stephanurus dentatus 100
Investigator: Dr. R. Alva-Valdes
Merck Research Farm
Route 2, Box 136
Fulton, Missouri 65251 -
Study 12594 was conducted in the United States to confirm that ivermectin in feed is effective against adult Stephanurus dentatus . Thirty-three sows with natural infections were randomly allocated to three groups of equal size. One group was not treated and one group received ivermectin in feed at 2 ppm for seven days. Necropsies were performed 21 days after the termination of treatment and the reduction in counts of adult S. dentatus is shown below. The medicated feed was readily consumed. No adverse reactions were observed. The third group of pigs was given an injectable formulation of ivermectin; however, the data from that treatment are not pertinent to this summary and have been omitted. (Eds. note: The following table consists of 2 columns.)
Nematodes (adult) % Reduction at 2 ppm/7 days Stephanurus dentatus 100
Investigator: Dr. H.N. Becker
Becker Veterinary Clinic
8702 SR 21 N.
Melrose, Florida 32666 -
Study 12832 was conducted in the United States to confirm that ivermectin is effective against adult Stephanurus dentatus . Thirty pigs with induced infections were randomly allocated to three groups of equal size. One group was not treated and one group received ivermectin in feed at 2 ppm for seven days. Necropsies were performed 21 days after the termination of treatment and the reduction in counts of adult S. dentatus is shown below. The medicated feed was readily consumed. No adverse reactions were observed. The third group of pigs was given an injectable formulation of ivermectin; however, the data from that treatment are not pertinent to this summary and have been omitted. (Eds. note: The following table consists of 2 columns.)
Nematodes (adult) % Reduction at 2 ppm/7 days Stephanurus dentatus 100
Investigator: Dr. R. Alva-Valdes
Merck Research Farm
Route 2, Box 136
Fulton, Missouri 65251
C. Field Studies
Three field studies were conducted in the United States in which ivermectin in feed was administered at use level (Table 3). Three hundred six pigs were given ivermectin in feed at 2 ppm for seven days and 76 were untreated controls.
The percentage of fecal samples with nematode eggs was markedly reduced after treatment with ivermectin. The effects of ivermectin on fecal nematode eggs, Sarcoptes scabiei var suis and Haematopinus suis in these studies are summarized in Table 4. No adverse reactions were observed following treatment. All medicated rations were readily consumed.
(Eds. note: The following table consists of 4 columns.)
Table 3
Field Studies
Total # of Pigs treated with
Trial No. Location # Pigs 2 ppm ivermectin in feed
12943a Stillwater, OK 127 102
13031b Pittsfield, IL 130 104
13035c Kingdom City, MO 125 100
a Investigator: Dr. J.A. Hair, Research Cooperators
Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074
b Investigator: Dr. J.E. Hoiste, R. Ghrist Farm
Pittsfield, Illinois 62363
c Investigator: Dr. J.E. Hoiste, J. Gilmore Farm
Kingdom City, Missouri 65252
(Eds. note: The following table consists of 7 columns.)
Table 4 Summary of Parasite Evaluation in Field Studies
with positive EPG/ # with lice present/ # with mites present/
# evaluated # evaluated # evaluated
Study number Control Ivermectin Control Ivermectin Control Ivermectin
ASR 12943
Day 1 12/22 54/67 20/25 47/72 25/25 30/72
Day 19-20 9/22 5/61 23/25 2/72 13/25 9/72
ASR 13031
Day 0 25/26 23/26 26/26 26/26 - -
Day 21 25/26 2/26 26/26 8/26 - -
ASR 13035
Day 0 7/25 5/25 25/25 25/25 - -
Day 21 13/25 0/25 13/25 0/25 - -
V. ANIMAL SAFETY
Study 12768 was conducted in the United States to assess the safety of the in-feed formulation of ivermectin in pigs when included in the ration at levels up to 10 ppm (five times the recommended dose) for 21 consecutive days (three times the recommended treatment period). Twelve castrated males and an equal number of female eight-week old pigs were assigned randomly to four treatment groups and housed individually. They were fed a basal ration that contained ivermectin in feed at 0, 2, 6 or 10 ppm for 21 days. Weight gain, feed consumption and clinical health during the study were recorded. Blood was collected for clinicopathologic evaluation.
No treatment-related adverse findings were observed during routine clinical evaluation or during necropsy and histopathological review. No significant treatment effects on weight gain and feed consumption were detected.
Investigator:
Dr. R. Alva-Valdes
Merck Research Farm
Route 2, Box 136
Fulton, Missouri 65251
VI. HUMAN FOOD SAFETY:
A. Toxicity Tests
The toxicology studies conducted to support the safe concentration of ivermectin in swine edible tissues are summarized in NADA 135-008.
B. Safe Concentration of Residues
The lowest no-observable-effect-levels (NOEL) in the battery of toxicity studies described above were determined in the multigeneration study in rats (0.1 mg/kg/day) and in the oral teratogenic study in the mouse (0.1 mg/kg/day for maternotoxicity and 0.2 mg/kg/day for teratogenicity). The minimum safety margins required for the effects observed in these studies are 100x for the multigeneration study and for the maternotoxicity in the mouse teratological study and 1000x for the teratological effects also seen in the latter study. Due to the significance of the terata (cleft palate) seen in the teratology study the 1000x safety factor was used for determining an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of up to 0.2 micrograms per kg per day of ivermectin residue by an individual in food.
ADl = 0.2 mg/kg/day / 1000 safety factor = 0.2 mcg/kg/day
A safe concentration in muscle tissue of swine is calculated from the acceptable daily intake, assuming the average weight of man to be 60 kg and the daily human intake of muscle to be 500 g, as follows:
safe concentration in muscle = (60 kg)(0.2 mcg/kg/day) / 500 g/day = 24 ppb
When rounded to the nearest 5 ppb, the safe concentration in muscle then becomes 25 ppb. The safe concentration of residues in liver, kidney and fat are determined from this number using appropriate food consumption values (food factor) for these tissues. Therefore, the safe concentrations are:
Liver: 25 ppb x 3 (food factor) = 75 ppb Kidney: 25 ppb x 4 (food factor) = 100 ppb Fat: 25 ppb x 4 (food factor) = 100 ppb
C. Metabolism and Total Residue Depletion Studies Total radioactive residue (averaged value from three animals) in edible tissues of swine dosed with 3H-labeled MK-933 orally at 100 g/kg body weight/day for 7 days in the feed is shown in the table below:
(Eds. note: The following table consists of 6 columns.)
----------Days 0FF DRUG-----------
Tissue 0 3 7 14 21
-------TOTAL RESIDUE (ppb)--------
Liver 237 43 11 4 3
Fat 207 64 18 8 5
Kidney 117 20 3 0 0
Muscle 58 12 3 1 0
Examination of the residue data and unaltered drug depletion patterns shows that fat and liver generally contain the highest and most persistent residue. The fat residue levels are slightly higher than the liver at almost all time points, although the unaltered drug depletion pattern in both tissues is essentially similar, i.e., the unaltered drug is a satisfactory marker substance. Because of the integrity of the liver as one organ and the relative difficulty in extracting and isolating the marker substance from fat, the liver is considered the preferred target tissue. The radioactive residue in the edible tissues examined is essentially all extractable into organic solvents indicating that there is very little, if any, intractable, covalently bound residue in these tissues. The unaltered drug ( H2B1a and H2Blb, respectively) acoounts for about 45% (33 + 12%) and 34% (26 + 8%) of the total radioactive residue in liver on-drug and 3 days off-drug, respectively. In fat, the unaltered drug accounts for about 77% (66 + 11%) of the total residue on-drug and 64% (56 + 8%) at 3 days off-drug.
Livers from two on drug (1 barrow and 1 gilt) and three 3-day off-drug (1 barrow and 2 gilts) swine were used for metabolism studies. In these samples, unaltered drug accounts for about 38 and 34% [by normal-phase (NP) HPLC] of the residue, respectively. Metabolites can be separated into a polar group (17 and 12%, respectively), 3"-O-desmethyl and drug-like (43 and 50%, respectively) and nonpolar (4 and 5%, respectively). By reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), H2Bla component comprised about 34% of the total radioactivity in the on-drug livers and about 28% in the 3-day off-drug livers. The H2Blb component coeluted with 3"-O-desmethyl-H2Bla, but these compounds were separated by NP-HPLC. The H2Blb component comprised about 7% of the radioactivity in the on-drug and about 6% in 3-day off-drug livers while the 3"-O-desmethyl H2B1a component was about 27% and 30% of the radioactivity in the on-drug and 3-day off-drug livers, respectively. There were at least two metabolites that eluted in the polar fraction during the NP-HPLC where the 24-hydroxymethyl metabolites would be expected. Metabolites less polar than the H2B1a component comprised only 3-7% of the radioactivity in any of the liver samples. The remainder of the radioactivity in the livers, about 12% on-drug and about 16% 3-days off-drug, was comprised of at least two "drug-like" components, one of which was identified as 3"-0-desmethyl-H2Blb by its chromatographic behavior on NP and RP-HPLC. None of the unidentified components of the residue in liver represented as much as 10% of the total residue nor were present at a concentration of >0.1 ppm.
The metabolism of MK-933 in swine fat is qualitatively similar to that in the swine liver. The compositions of the radioactive residues (determined by NP-HPLC) in on-drug and 3-day off-drug swine fat samples are respectively; unaltered drug, 75 and 64%; non-polar metabolites, 10 and 23%; drug-like metabolites, 11 and 9%; and polar metabolites, 7 and 6%. The distribution of radioactive components in the livers and fat of the swine fed ivermectin is qualitatively similar to the distribution of components following subcutaneous dosing.
Comparative metabolism studies indicate that the metabolism of MK-933 in swine and rat, the toxicity test species, is qualitatively similar. In both species, the unaltered drug is the major residue. The HPLC profiles of the radioactive residue in the liver are qualitatively similar with respect to the metabolite components, but quantitatively different in the abundance of some metabolite components. The major metabolites in swine liver are 3"-O-desmethyl-H2B1a and 3"-O-desmethyl-H2B1b, whereas in rat liver, the major polar metabolites are 24-hydroxymethyl-H2B1a and 24-hydroxymethyl-H2B1b. The presence of 24-hydroxymethylH2B1a and 24-hydroxymethyl-H281b in the on-drug and 3 days off-drug livers of the swine dosed orally with MK-933 in feed is indicated by radioactive peaks with retention times characteristic of these components. The presence of a small amount of 3"-O-desmethyl products in rat liver is suggested by the presence of a small radioactive peak with retention time identical to the 3"-O-desmethyl compounds. Thus, the test species is exposed to the major drug residue components known to be present in swine tissues.
D. Studies Demonstrating a Withdrawal Time
A tissue residue depletion study was performed to determine the marker residue (component H2B1a) concentration in swine tissues resulting from the feeding of animals continuously for seven days with ivermectin premlx combined in a complete feed at 2 ppm. Three barrows and two gilts were sacrificed at each withdrawal time. The withdrawal times following the end of the medication period were 0 (on the seventh day of medication), 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 5 and 7 days. Another set of five animals served as unmedicated controls.
Marker residue assays were conducted on swine livers (the target tissue) for selected withdrawal times using the high pressure liquid chromatography-fluorescence determinative method. The average marker residue concentrations found were as follows:
(Eds. note: The following table consists of 8 columns.)
Days withdrawal 0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 5.0 Control ppb Found 38 22 19 14 10 12 3 0
The analytical method used to determine the marker residue has a lower limit of reliable measurement of 10 ppb. The Rm value (marker residue concentration tolerance) for swine derived from toxicity and metabolism data has been determined to be 20 ppb, which is the same tolerance established for swine in NADA 135-008. Statistical analysis of the depletion data, using the upper tolerance limit containing 99 percentile of the population with 95% confidence, yields a withdrawal period of 5 days. E. Regulatory Methods
Ivermectin Determinative Assay Scheme
The determinative assay measures the marker residue, 22,23-dihydroavermectin Bla by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) of a fluorescent derivative. The marker residue is extracted into isooctane from an aqueous acetone homogenate of liver tissue. The isooctane is removed by evaporation and the extract purified by a series of acetonitrile-hexane-water partitions. The fluorescent derivative is formed by heating with an acetic anhydride + methylimidazole reagent. A chloroform solution is purified over a silica column and concentrated by evaporation; reverse phase HPLC is performed using methanol/water and fluorescence detection. Quantitation is obtained by using a standard curve for the marker residue carried through the derivatization and subsequent steps. Recoveries are in the range of 75-95% with a lower limit of reliable measurement of 10 ppb.
Ivermectin Confirmatory Assay Scheme
The sample preparation and purification steps of the confirmatory assay are essentially the same as the determinative assay. The specificity is obtained by the production of two new species just prior to derivatization. The new species are produced by removing one of the saccharide groups with 1% sulfuric acid in isopropanol to form the monosaccharide or removing both saccharide groups with 1% sulfuric acid in methanol to form the aglycone of 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a. Since these two treatments are so similar, the formation of the two new species and their chromatographic properties are unique and hence confirm the presence of the marker residue.
In the confirmatory test, the liver extract is split into three parts. One part is used for each of the sulfuric acid treatments. These samples are separated from sulfuric acid by extractions and the fiuorescent derivatives of the two new compounds are made. The third aliquot is derivatized without pretreatment. All three derivatives are then extracted into hexane with a small amount of isobutyl alcohol present. The high pressure liquid chromatography determination is made as in the determinative assay. Three separate peaks are observed at three separate retention times which are compared with standards run through the procedure from the sulfuric acid addition step onward. Presence of and quantitation of the three peaks is confirmation that ivermectin is present.
Validation
The determinative and confirmatory methods were validated satisfactorily by FDA and USDA laboratories utilizing bovine and ovine tissue. It was not deemed necessary to repeat these methods trials with porcine tissue. The validated regulatory analytical methods for detection of residues of ivermectin are filed in the Food Additives Manual on display in FDA's Freedom of Information Public Room (Room 12A-30, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857).
VII. AGENCY CONCLUSIONS:
The data submitted in support of this original NADA comply with the requirements of section 512 of the Act and demonstrate that ivermectin 0.6% Type A medicated artide when used under the proposed conditions of use, is safe and effective. These data from the controlled studies demonstrate the effectiveness of ivermectin for its labeled indications in swine feeds when fed at 100 mcg/kg body weight for a period of 7 consecutive days. These studies demonstrate the efficacy of a 7 consecutive day regimen for treatment and control of Ascaris suum- adult and fourth-stage larvae; Ascarops strongylina- adults; Hyostrongylus rubidus- adult and fourth-stage larvae; Oesophagostomum spp.- adult and fourth-stage larvae; Stephanurus dentatus- adult and fourth-stage larvae; Metastrongylus spp.- adult; Haernatopinus suis; and Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis .
The withdrawal period for swine is 5 days. The safe concentration for total ivermectin residues in uncooked edible swine tissues has been established as 25 ppb in muscle, 75 ppb in liver, 100 ppb in kidney, and 100 ppb in fat. A regulatory tissue residue method has been developed for the determination of the marker compound, parent ivermectin, with a tolerance of 20 ppb in swine liver (21 CFR 556.344).
Ivermectin products for use in food producing animals are generally over-the-counter products. Accurate diagnosis can be made with reasonable degree of certainty by the layman. Adequate directions for use have been written for the layman, and the conditions for use prescribed on the labeling are likely to be followed in practice. Therefore, the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) has concluded that this product shall have over-the-counter marketing status.
Under Section 512(c)(2)(F)(ii) of the FFDCA, this approval for food producing animals qualifies for THREE years of marketing exclusivity beginning on the date of approval because the application contains reports of new clinical or field investigations essential to the approval of the application and conducted or sponsored by the applicant.
VIII. LABELING (Attached)
- Front Panel: Ivomec® Premix for Swine, Type A Medicated Article, 50# bag (22.68 kg).
- Back Panel; Ivomec® Premix for Swine, Type A Medicated Article, 50# bag (22.68 kg).
Copies of these labels may be obtained by writing to the:
Freedom of Information Office
Center for Veterinary Medicine, FDA
7500 Standish Place
Rockville, MD 20855
